http://www.himfr.spruz.com en Fri, 19 Mar 2010 05:54:22 GMThttp://www.himfr.spruz.com Gp-405 Air Vacuum And Blow Kit you are familiar with the content of the external links, please help by removing promotional links in accordance with Wikipedia:External links. (You can help!) (Jul 09)
ModelCo is a cosmetics company based in Sydney, Australia, and Hong Kong.
History
ModelCo was launched in 2002 by former modeling agent Shelley Barrett (then Shelley Williams). For 10 years Barrett had been running a modeling agency known as Shelley's Management Group. In May 2002 ModelCo launched the Lash Wand Heated Eyelash Curler and Erase Those Fine Lines with spokesperson Elle McPhearson.
ModelCo has developed and launched over 125 products, including Tan Airbrush in a Can, Liquid Buds, More Brows and Wonderfull Lip Plumper. The products are branded with a bright pink colour scheme.
The company today
ModelCo claims many celebrity customers, including Kylie Minogue, Lindsay Lohan and Sienna Miller.[citation needed]
ModelCo is distributed throughout Australia & New Zealand; Europe, Asia, the United States and the Middle East. In Australia ModelCo is stocked in David Jones stores nationally. Internationally their products can be found in stores such as London Space.NK, Colette and Le Printemps in Paris, and Sony Plaza in Japan.
v  d  e
Cosmetics
Product , mill carbide .
Lips: Lip gloss  Lip liner  Lip plumper  Lipstic , hack saw blade .
Face: Concealer  Foundation  Face powder  Rouge  Bindi  Thanaka  Tilaka  Cleanser-Toner-Moisturize , 4 adjustable wrench .
Eyes: Eye liner  Eye shadow  Kohl  Mascara
Other: Shampoo-Conditioner-Styling cream  Nail polish   Anti-aging cream  Body powder  Cold cream  Sindoor
Ingredients
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients  List of ingredients
Related topics
Cosmetic advertising  Beauty salon  Spa  Cosmetology  History of cosmetics
Treatments
Cosmetic surgery  Botox  Facial  Bleaching  Manicure  Pedicure  Hair removal ( Waxing - Threading )  Hair styling
Major brands
Almay  American Beauty  Anoo's  Artistry  Aveda  Avon  Bath & Body Works  Biotherm  Bobbi Brown  The Body Shop  Bonne Bell  Burt's Bees  Cargo  Carol's Daughter  Clarins  Clinique  CoverGirl  Creme 21  Daigaku Honyaku Center  Dr. Hauschka  Eden Allure  Elizabeth Arden  Este Lauder  Faberg  Hard Candy  Helena Rubinstein  Kanebo Ltd.  Kao Corporation  Kevyn Aucoin  Kiehl's  Lancme  Laneige  Laura Mercier  Lise Watier  L'Oral  L'occitane  Love Cosmetics  Lush  MAC Cosmetics  Mary Kay  Max Factor  Maybelline  ModelCo  Nars  Natural Wonder  Neal's Yard Remedies  Neutrogena  Nexxus  Nivea  Open Sundaes  Oriflame  Origins  Red Earth  Revlon  Richard Hudnut  Rimmel  Sephora  Shiseido  Shu Uemura  SK-II  Stila  Tom Ford Beauty  Trish McEvoy  Ulta  Urban Decay  Vichy  Victoria's Secret  Wella
Categories
Chemicals  Companies  People  History
External links
www.modelco.com.au
Categories: Cosmetics companiesHidden categories: Wikipedia spam cleanup | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

]]>Fri, 19 Mar 2010 05:54:22 GMT Microfiber MOP, Mops,Cleaning Tools,Home Products,Microfiber
U.S. Radium Corporation
Main article: United States Radium Corporation
From 1917 to 1926, U.S. Radium Corporation was engaged in the extraction and purification of radium from carnotite ore to produce luminous paints, which were marketed under the brand name 'Undark'. As a defense contractor, U.S. Radium was a major supplier of radioluminescent watches to the military. Their plant in New Jersey employed over a hundred workers, mainly women, to paint radium-lit watch faces and instruments.
Radiation exposure
The Radium Girls saga holds an important place in the history of both the field of health physics and the labor rights movement. The U.S. Radium Corporation hired some 70 women to perform various tasks including the handling of radium, while the owners and their scientists familiar with the effects of radium carefully avoided any exposure to it themselves; chemists at the plant used lead screens, masks and tongs. An estimated 4,000 workers were hired by corporations in the U.S. and Canada to paint watch faces with radium , broom mop .
They mixed glue, water and radium powder, and then used camel hair brushes to apply the glowing paint onto dial numbers. The going rate, for painting 250 dials a day, was about a penny and a half per dial. The brushes would lose shape after a few strokes, so the U.S. Radium supervisors encouraged their workers to point the brushes with their lips, or use their tongues to keep them sharp. For fun, the Radium Girls painted their nails, teeth and faces with the deadly paint produced at the factory, sometimes to surprise their boyfriends when the lights went out , cleaning scrubber .
Radiation sicknes , anti bacterial wipes .
Many of the women later began to suffer from anemia, bone fractures and necrosis of the jaw, a condition now known as radium jaw. It is thought that the x-ray machines used by the medical investigators may have contributed to some of the sickened workers ill-health by subjecting them to additional radiation. It turned out at least one of the examinations was a ruse, part of a campaign of disinformation started by the defense contractor. U.S. Radium and other watch-dial companies rejected claims that the afflicted workers were suffering from exposure to radium. For some time, doctors, dentists, and researchers complied with requests from the companies not to release their data. At the urging of the companies, worker deaths were attributed by medical professionals to other causes; syphilis was often cited in attempts to smear the reputations of the women.
Significance
Litigation
The story of the abuse perpetrated against the workers is distinguished from most such cases by the fact that the ensuing litigation was covered widely by the media. Plant worker Grace Fryer decided to sue, but it took two years for her to find a lawyer willing to take on U.S. Radium. A total of five factory workers, dubbed the Radium Girls, joined the suit. The litigation and media sensation surrounding the case established legal precedents and triggered the enactment of regulations governing labor safety standards, including a baseline of 'provable suffering'.
Historical impact
The right of individual workers to sue for damages from corporations due to labor abuse was established as a result of the Radium Girls case. In the wake of the case, industrial safety standards were demonstrably enhanced for many decades.[citation needed]
The case was settled in the fall of 1928, before the trial was deliberated by the jury, and the settlement for each of the Radium Girls was $10,000 (the equivalent of $124,000 in 2009 dollars) and a $600 per year annuity while they lived, and all medical and legal expenses incurred would also be paid by the company.
Scientific impact
Robley D. Evans made the first measurements of exhaled radon and radium excretion from a former dial painter in 1933. At MIT he gathered dependable body content measurements from 27 dial painters. This information was used in 1941 by the National Bureau of Standards to establish the tolerance level for radium of 0.1 Ci (3.7 kBq).
The Center for Human Radiobiology was established at Argonne National Laboratory in 1968. The primary purpose of the Center was providing medical examinations for living dial painters. The project also focused on collection of information, and, in some cases, tissue samples from the radium dial painters. When the project ended in 1993, detailed information of 2,403 cases had been collected. No symptoms were observed in those dial painter cases with less than 1,000 times the natural 226Ra levels found in unexposed individuals, suggesting a threshold for radium-induced malignancies.
Literature and film
The story of the workers was told in the poem "Radium Girls" by Eleanor Swanson, and is included in her collection, A Thousand Bonds: Marie Curie and the Discovery of Radium (2003).
Writer D.W. Gregory also retold the story of Grace Fryer in her award-winning play Radium Girls, which premiered in 2000 at the Playwrights Theatre of New Jersey in Madison, New Jersey.
There is an elaborate reference to this story in the Kurt Vonnegut novel Jailbird.
Poet Lavinia Greenlaw has also written on the subject in her poem "The Innocence of Radium" (Night Photograph, 1994).
Ross Mullner's book, Deadly Glow: The Radium Dial Worker Tragedy describes many of the events preceding and surrounding the Radium Girls' story.
The Radium Girls' story was also depicted by Jo Lawrence in her short animated film "Glow" (2007).
The Radium Girls story is referenced in the film Pu239
The short story "It's Time" by Michael A. Martone is told from the perspective of an unnamed Radium Girl.
A fictionalized version of the Radium Girls was featured in Spike TV's "1000 Ways to Die" on March 22, 2009.
See also
Labor rights
Labor history
Labor law
Susanne Antonetta
United States Radium Corporation
Radium jaw
Radioactive contamination
Phossy jaw
Self-powered lighting
References
Footnotes
^ a b http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660
^ Kovarik, Bill (Revised 2002). "The Radium Girls". (originally published as chapter eight of Mass Media and Environmental Conflict). RUNet.edu. http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-27. 
^ http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl
^ Amazon Online Reader
General references
UMDNJ.edu - 'University Libraries Special Collections: U.S. Radium Corporation, East Orange, NJ', Records, Catalog 1917-1940 (Revised, June, 2003)
Undark and the Radium Girls, Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, Damn Interesting
Radium Girls, Eleanor Swanson.
Poison Paintbrush, Time, June 4, 1928. "That the world may see streaks of light through the long hours of darkness, Orange, N. J., women hired themselves to the U. S. Radium Corporation."
Radium Women, Time, August 11, 1930. "Five young New Jersey women who were poisoned while painting luminous watch dials for U. S. Radium Corp., two years ago heard doctors pronounce their doom: one year to live."
Categories: Activism | History of labor relations in the United States | Nuclear safety | Radium | History of New JerseyHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008

]]>Fri, 19 Mar 2010 05:54:18 GMT RF wrinkle removal equipment RF-B
Brushes for cleaning
Brushes used for cleaning come in various sizes, such as very small brushes for cleaning a fine instrument, toothbrushes, the household version that usually comes with a dustpan, or the broomstick. Hallbrooms are even larger and are used for cleaning large areas. Cleaning brushes also include brushes for cleaning vegetables, cleaning the toilet, washing glass, finishing tiles, and sanding doors.
Paintbrushes
 It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Paintbrushes, accessible from a disambiguation page. (Discuss)
Paintbrushes are used for applying ink or paint. These brushes are usually made by clamping the bristles to a handle with a ferrule , portable steam bath .
Short handled brushes are for watercolor or ink painting while the long handled brushes are for oil or acrylic paint. The styles of brush tip seen most commonly are , card magnetic reader .
Round: Long closely arranged bristles for detai , anti shampoo .
Flat: For spreading paint quickly and evenly over a surface. They will have longer hairs than their Bright counterpart.
Bright: Flat brushes with short stiff bristles, good for driving paint into the weave of a canvas in thinner paint applications, as well as thicker painting styles like impasto work.
Filbert: Flat brushes with domed ends. They allow good coverage and the ability to perform some detail work.
Fan: For blending broad areas of paint.
Angle: Like the Filbert, these are versatile and can be applied in both general painting application as well as some detail work.
Mop: A larger format brush with a rounded edge for broad soft paint application as well as for getting thinner glazes over existing drying layers of paint without damaging lower layers.
Rigger: Round brushes with longish hairs, traditionally used for painting the rigging in pictures of ships. They are useful for fine lines and are versatile for both oils and watercolors.
Some other styles of brush include:
Sumi: Similar in style to certain watercolor brushes,also with a generally thick wooden or bamboo handle and a broad soft hair brush that when wetted should form a fine tip.
Hake: An Asian style of brush with a large broad wooden handle and an extremely fine soft hair used in counterpoint to traditional Sumi brushes for covering large areas. Often made of goat hair.
Spotter: Round brushes with just a few short bristles. These brushes are commonly used in spotting photographic prints.
Brush care
The bristles of a sweeping brush
A natural/artificial hair brush utilized in one medium (oil paint, acrylic, watercolor, etc.) should not be used again in a different medium, unless the nature of each medium and accompanying solvent affects the hairs of the brushes differently. Using brushes across media can cause them to age prematurely. This information does not apply to synthetic hair brushes.
Paint and solvent residue should be cleaned from brushes after use. After removing most of the paint from the bristles manually with an appropriate solvent, detergent and water should be used to clean the brush further. After a thorough cleaning, natural hair brushes benefit from using a brush conditioner on the hairs to restore oils. A conditioner can be worked into the bristles which can then be shaped to a point and left to dry. Before the next painting session, the conditioner should be removed with water.
Brushes should not be left bristle-end down in solvent for a prolonged period. Doing so will cause distress to the brush shape and may cause the bristles to splay out and lose their shape. Methods of suspending brushes in solvent include a metal spring, a mesh or a clamp. These grip brush handles and do not allow the bristles of the brush to touch the bottom of the solvent container. Also, leaving brushes in solvent for a prolonged period can cause damage to the bristles themselves by stripping oils and swelling, to the ferrule, to the adhesive used to hold bristles in place, and to the wooden handle.
An environmentally friendly way of removing oil paint from brushes while paint is wet is to immerse the brush in a container containing vegetable oil. The oil will naturally cleanse away the oil paint.
Manufacturing Process of a Brush Handle
The first requirement when manufacturing a cleaning style brush is to start with the brush block. This can vary in wood type, the most commonly used handles comes from maple. Once the wood type is selected it is then cut into planks with in a certain width requirement. Throughout this process workers mark down where the cracks or knots are in the wood and draw a red line across the flaw with a special wax crayon. A laser can read this line as the planks are moved forward, cutting the line with a saw. Shortly after the blocks are cut to the appropriate length, moving on to the shaping of the block known as molding.
Once the wood block is set in place for molding, a series of saws cut the block to the required thickness. A machine called the shaper follows this action. The brush handle is placed in the machine, revolving and slicing away the outside edge. This only cuts away half of the block. To keep in good profile the same actions are done to the opposite side. Each model uses a different shaper machine. The machines must stay sharp for the blocks to remain smooth and accurate. Carbine is used in these machines rather than steel because it is more durable and stronger.
Decorators' brushes
The sizes of brushes used for painting and decorating is given in mm or inches, referring to the width of the head.
Common sizes are:
 in,  in,  in,  in,  in,  in,  in, 1 in, 1 in, 1 in, 2 in, 2 in, 3 in, 3 in, 4 in.
10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm.
Bristles may be natural or synthetic. Natural bristles are preferred for oil-based paints and varnishes, while synthetic brushes are better for water-based paints as the bristles do not expand when wetted.
Handles may be wood or plastic; ferrules are metal (usually nickel-plated steel).
Artists' brushes
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article Brush.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brushes
Artists' brushes are usually given numbered sizes, although there is no exact standard for their physical dimensions.
From smallest to largest, the sizes are:
10/0, 7/0 (also written 0000000), 6/0, 5/0, 4/0, 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30. Brushes as fine as 30/0 are manufactured by major companies, but are not a common size.
Sizes 000 to 20 are most common.
Artists' brushes are most commonly categorized by type and by shape.
Types include: watercolor brushes which are usually made of sable, synthetic sable or nylon; oil painting brushes which are usually made of sable or bristle; and acrylic brushes which are almost entirely nylon or synthetic. Turpentine or thinners used in oil painting can destroy some types of synthetic brushes. However, innovations in synthetic bristle technology have produced solvent resistant synthetic bristles suitable for use in all media. Natural hair, squirrel, badger or sable are used by watercolorists due to their superior ability to absorb and hold water.
Shapes include rounds (pointed), flats, brights (shorter than flats) and filbert. Other shapes include stipplers (short, stubby rounds), deer-foot stipplers, liners (elongated rounds), daggers, scripts (highly elongated rounds), egberts and fans.
Bristles may be natural either soft hair or hog bristle or synthetic.
Soft hair brushes are made from Kolinsky sable or ox hair (sabeline); or more rarely, squirrel, pony, goat, mongoose or badger. Cheaper hair is sometimes called camel hair, although it does not come from camels.
Hog bristle (often called china bristle or Chunking bristle) is stiffer and stronger than soft hair. It may be bleached or unbleached.
Synthetic bristles are made of special multi-diameter extruded nylon filament.
Artists' brush handles are commonly wooden but can also be made of molded plastic. Many mass-produced handles are made of unfinished raw wood; better quality handles are of seasoned hardwood. The wood is sealed and lacquered to give the handle a high-gloss, waterproof finish that reduces soiling and swelling.
Metal ferrules may be of aluminum, nickel, copper, or nickel-plated steel. Quill ferrules are also found: these give a different "feel" to the brush. The top of the range brushes, however, usually have ferrules made from transparent plastic tightened in place by thin wire.
See also
Look up brush in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Categories: Tools | Painting materials | Cleaning toolsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2007 | Articles to be split from July 2009 | All articles to be split

]]>Fri, 19 Mar 2010 05:54:16 GMT quick hair dry cap www.bucknell.edu/msw3. 
^ Morris, K., Friend, T. & Burbidge, A. (2008). Macroups irma. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 28 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
^ a b Menkhorst, Peter (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press. p. 112. 
External links
Department of Environment and Heritage Species Profiles
Dietary preferences of the Black-gloved Wallaby and the Western Grey Kangaroo in Whiteman Park, Perth, W , short wigs .
v  d   , rechargeable hair clippers .
Extant Diprotodontia specie , best eyelash curler .
Kingdom Animalia  Phylum Chordata  Class Mammalia  Infraclass Marsupialia
 
Suborder Vombatiformes
Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos
Koala (P. cinereus)
Vombatidae
(Wombats)
Vombatus
Common Wombat (V. ursinus)
Lasiorhinus
Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat (L. latifrons)  Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (L. krefftii)
 
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. below)
Phalangeridae
(including Cuscuses)
Ailurops
(Bear cuscuses)
Talaud Bear Cuscus (A. melanotis)  Sulawesi Bear Cuscus (A. ursinus)
Phalanger
Gebe Cuscus (P. alexandrae)  Mountain Cuscus (P. carmelitae)  Ground Cuscus (P. gymnotis)  Eastern Common Cuscus (P. intercastellanus)  Woodlark Cuscus (P. lullulae)  Blue-eyed Cuscus (P. matabiru)  Telefomin Cuscus (P. matanim)  Southern Common Cuscus (P. mimicus)  Northern Common Cuscus (P. orientalis)  Ornate Cuscus (P. ornatus)  Rothschild's Cuscus (P. rothschildi)  Silky Cuscus (P. sericeus)  Stein's Cuscus (P. vestitus)
Spilocuscus
Admiralty Island Cuscus (S. kraemeri)  Common Spotted Cuscus (S. maculatus)  Waigeou Cuscus (S. papuensis)  Black-spotted Cuscus (S. rufoniger)  Blue-eyed Spotted Cuscus (S. wilsoni)
Strigocuscus
Sulawesi Dwarf Cuscus (S. celebensis)  Banggai Cuscus (S. pelegensis)
Trichosurus
(Brushtail possums)
Northern Brushtail Possum (T. arnhemensis)  Short-eared Possum (T. caninus)  Mountain Brushtail Possum (T. cunninghami)  Coppery Brushtail Possum (T. johnstonii)  Common Brushtail Possum (T. vulpecula)
Wyulda
Scaly-tailed Possum (W. squamicaudata)
Burramyidae
(Pygmy possums)
Burramys
Mountain Pygmy Possum (B. parvus)
Cercartetus
Long-tailed Pygmy Possum (C. caudatus)  Southwestern Pygmy Possum (C. concinnus)  Tasmanian Pygmy Possum (C. lepidus)  Eastern Pygmy Possum (C. nanus)
 
Suborder Phalangeriformes (Possums) (cont. above)
Tarsipedidae
Tarsipes
Honey Possum (T. rostratus)
Petauridae
Dactylopsila
Great-tailed Triok (D. megalura)  Long-fingered Triok (D. palpator)  Tate's Triok (D. tatei)  Striped Possum (D. trivirgata)
Gymnobelideus
Leadbeater's Possum (G. leadbeateri)
Petaurus
Northern Glider (P. abidi)  Yellow-bellied Glider (P. australis)  Biak Glider (P. biacensis)  Sugar Glider (P. breviceps)  Mahogany Glider (P. gracilis)  Squirrel Glider (P. norfolcensis)
Pseudocheiridae
Hemibelideus
Lemur-like Ringtail Possum (H. lemuroides)
Petauroides
Greater Glider (P. volans)
Petropseudes
Rock-haunting Ringtail Possum (P. dahli)
Pseudocheirus
Common Ringtail Possum (P. peregrinus)
Pseudochirulus
Lowland Ringtail Possum (P. canescens)  Weyland Ringtail Possum (P. caroli)  Cinereus Ringtail Possum (P. cinereus)  Painted Ringtail Possum (P. forbesi)  Herbert River Ringtail Possum (P. herbertensis)  Masked Ringtail Possum (P. larvatus)  Pygmy Ringtail Possum (P. mayeri)  Vogelkop Ringtail Possum (P. schlegeli)
Pseudochirops
D'Albertis' Ringtail Possum (P. albertisii)  Green Ringtail Possum (P. archeri)  Plush-coated Ringtail Possum (P. corinnae)  Reclusive Ringtail Possum (P. coronatus)  Coppery Ringtail Possum (P. cupreus)
Acrobatidae
Acrobates
Feathertail Glider (A. pygmaeus)
Distoechurus
Feather-tailed Possum (D. pennatus)
 
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. below)
Macropodidae
(includes Wallabies)
Lagostrophus
Banded Hare-wallaby (L. fasciatus)
Dendrolagus
(Tree-kangaroos)
Grizzled Tree-kangaroo (D. inustus)  Lumholtz's Tree-kangaroo (D. lumholtzi)  Bennett's Tree-kangaroo (D. bennettianus)  Ursine Tree-kangaroo (D. ursinus)  Matschie's Tree-kangaroo (D. matschiei)  Doria's Tree-kangaroo (D. dorianus)  Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo (D. goodfellowi)  Lowlands Tree-kangaroo (D. spadix)  Golden-mantled Tree-kangaroo (D. pulcherrimus)  Seri's Tree-kangaroo (D. stellarum)  Dingiso (D. mbaiso)  Tenkile (D. scottae)
Dorcopsis
Brown Dorcopsis (D. muelleri)  White-striped Dorcopsis (D. hageni)  Black Dorcopsis (D. atrata)  Gray Dorcopsis (D. luctuosa)
Dorcopsulus
Small Dorcopsis (D. vanheurni)  Macleay's Dorcopsis (D. macleayi)
Lagorchestes
Spectacled Hare-wallaby (L. conspicillatus)  Rufous Hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus)
Macropus
(includes Kangaroos
and Wallaroos)
Subgenus Notamacropus: Agile Wallaby (M. agilis)  Black-striped Wallaby (M. dorsalis)  Tammar Wallaby (M. eugenii)  Western Brush Wallaby (M. irma)  Parma Wallaby (M. parma)  Pretty-faced Wallaby (M. parryi)  Red-necked Wallaby (M. rufogriseus)
Subgenus Osphranter: Antilopine Kangaroo (M. antilopinus)  Woodward's Wallaroo (M. bernadus)  Eastern Wallaroo (M. robustus)  Red Kangaroo (M. rufus)
Subgenus Macropus: Western Grey Kangaroo (M. fuliginosus)  Eastern Grey Kangaroo (M. giganteus)
Onychogalea
(Nail-tail wallabies)
Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby (O. fraenata)  Northern Nail-tail Wallaby (O. unguifera)
Petrogale
(Rock-wallabies)
P. brachyotis species-group: Short-eared Rock-wallaby (P. brachyotis)  Monjon (P. burbidgei)  Nabarlek (P. concinna)
P. xanthopus species-group: Proserpine Rock-wallaby (P. persephone)  Rothschild's Rock-wallaby (P. rothschildi)  Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby (P. xanthopus)
P. lateralis/penicillata species-group: Allied Rock-wallaby (P. assimilis)  Cape York Rock-wallaby (P. coenensis)  Godman's Rock-wallaby (P. godmani)  Herbert's Rock-wallaby (P. herberti)  Unadorned Rock-wallaby (P. inornata)  Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (P. lateralis)  Mareeba Rock-wallaby (P. mareeba)  Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (P. penicillata)  Purple-necked Rock-wallaby (P. purpureicollis)  Mt. Claro Rock-wallaby (P. sharmani)
Setonix
Quokka (S. brachyurus)
Thylogale
(Pademelons)
Tasmanian Pademelon (T. billardierii)  Brown's Pademelon (T. browni)  Dusky Pademelon (T. brunii)  Calaby's Pademelon (T. calabyi)  Mountain Pademelon (T. lanatus)  Red-legged Pademelon (T. stigmatica)  Red-necked Pademelon (T. thetis)
Wallabia
Swamp Wallaby (W. bicolor)
 
Suborder Macropodiformes (cont. above)
Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus
Rufous Rat-kangaroo (A. rufescens)
Bettongia
(Bettongs)
Eastern Bettong (B. gaimardi)  Boodie (B. lesueur)  Woylie (B. penicillata)  Northern Bettong (B. tropica)
Potorous
(Potoroos)
Long-footed Potoroo (P. longipes)  Long-nosed Potoroo (P. tridactylus)  Gilbert's Potoroo (. gilbertii)
Hypsiprymnodontidae
Hypsiprymnodon
Musky Rat-kangaroo (H. moschatus)
 
This Western Australia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species | Macropods | Mammals of Western Australia | Marsupials of Australia | Marsupial stubs | Western Australia stubs

]]>Fri, 19 Mar 2010 05:54:14 GMT Swiss Made Nano Skin Care
History
The idea behind PatientPak emerged in 2006, when an elderly lady preparing for a stay in hospital asked a friend how she could best protect herself from infection while admitted. They were dismayed to find that there were no commercially available products which would be effective against superbugs such as MRSA. After carrying out considerable research, they selected the most efficacious clinical product available, and repackaged it as a consumer hygiene pack. Over more than two years since then, an extensive research, development and testing programme led by the company Founder and CEO, Rob Gros, has produced the PatientPak in its current form. The former Conservative MP Jonathan Sayeed joined the company in early 2008 as Executive Chairman, with responsibility for developing the business.
Product contents
Antimicrobial Sanitising Wipes
Antimicrobial Hand Sanitising Spra , perfect slim .
Antimicrobial Fabric Spra , multiple card reader .
Antimicrobial Hair and Body Was , electric mens razor .
Soap
Nail-Brush
Face and Body Wipes
Toothbrush
Toothpaste
Lip Balm
Pen
Infection-Control Guide
olite notice from MRSA Action UK
Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs)
Main article: Nosocomial infection
Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs), in particular uperbugs like MRSA, have become a growing problem for health authorities in the UK over the last few years. MRSA was relatively uncommon through the 1960s and 1970s. The infection rate rose dramatically in the mid-1990s when particular 'epidemic' strains of MRSA became established in hospitals throughout the UK. These strains are easily transmissible (passing between and colonising both patients and hospital staff) and can cause serious disease. 6,381 cases of MRSA were reported in England between April 2006 and March 2007. According to The European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), which collates HCAI infection data from across Europe, the UK has the 4th highest rate of MRSA in Europe after Portugal, Malta and Greece.
Current estimates of the rate of healthcare associated infections among hospital in-patients in England range from 8.2% to around 10%. It costs the NHS between 4,000 and 10,000 more to treat a patient with an infection, and about 9,000 more to treat a single patient with a superbug infection.
Aims of the product
PatientPak is advertised as having several aims. Chief among these is the idea that the product allows hospital in-patients, who often feel powerless over what happens to them in hospital, to protect themselves. PatientPak are at pains to make clear that while they realise the health services are working hard to cut infection rates, patients can nevertheless contribute to the solution.
Another of PatientPak aims is to raise awareness of the problem of healthcare associated infections and how patients and visitors can contribute to the solution by providing infection-control and hygiene advice. Each PatientPak includes a guide to good hygiene, in the form of an advice leaflet explaining how best to combat superbugs, viruses and bacteria. There is also a bedside notice, which politely requests NHS staff to wash their hands before treating the patient.
Testing and development
The antimicrobial formula contained in PatientPak mediates against resistance by ensuring the widest spectrum of activity; the synergistic mix of quaternary ammonium compounds and the polymeric biguanide each have a completely different mechanism of action. According to the clinical test data, it is proven to kill 99.999% of germs such as MRSA, Norovirus, Avian Influenza (H5N1), E coli, Salmonella, Hepatitis B and C and Campylobacter and is tested in accordance with EN1276, prEN12054, EN1500 and EN1275 European antimicrobial standards.
Use in the NHS
Clinell, the name of the antimicrobial formulation contained in the sanitising wipes, hand sanitising spray, fabric spray and hair and body wash, is extensively used throughout the NHS. Clinell products were submitted to the Health Protection Agency Rapid Review Panel in December 2007 and achieved a recommendation 2. The RRP stated that n use evaluations/trials are now needed in an healthcare setting.
Attention in the UK Parliament
While PatientPak is the only known nti-superbug kit on the UK market, it falls within the more general category of ersonal antimicrobial products. During the current 2008-9 session of the UK Parliament, two Early Day Motions (EDMs) were tabled by MPs calling on the NHS to supply a comprehensive range of personal antimicrobial products to every hospital in-patient as a cost-effective means of reducing healthcare-associated infections.
EDM 348, tabled by Mike Hancock MP and signed by 22 other MPs, states:
That this House regrets that the best estimate the Government has provided for the cost to the NHS of treating and preventing healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) is based on data that is 14 years old; notes that recent reductions in superbug infection rates are modest drops from record high levels; understands that the NHS is considering providing infection-control packs to only those patients who already have MRSA; regrets that such measures are designed to deal with infection rather than prevent it; further notes that it costs up to 10,000 more to treat each patient that contracts an HCAI, which affect an estimated one in 10 patients, and that in consequence the NHS spends up to 1,000 per in-patient on treating HCAIs irrespective of whether the in-patient contracts an infection; believes that, in order to prevent HCAIs, it is essential that the NHS provides a comprehensive range of proven personal antimicrobial products and a guide to infection control to every NHS in-patient; calls upon the Government to, at the very least, undertake widespread trials of such an initiative, report the findings to the House and extend the initiative throughout the NHS if the trial is successful; and recognises that this preventative scheme, if implemented, would cost a small fraction of the amount spent on HCAI treatment.
EDM 356, tabled by Bob Spink MP and signed by 24 other MPs, states:
That this House is concerned that, despite recent falls, infection rates of MRSA, C. difficile, Norovirus and other superbugs remain high, and there is considerable public anxiety about this issue; notes that as everyone can carry and spread superbugs, patients and visitors as well as hospital staff have a part to play in helping to tackle infection; believes that patients should individually be provided with the means and information to protect themselves and others when they go into hospital; and calls upon the Government to provide a comprehensive range of personal antimicrobial products that are proven to kill superbugs and a hygiene guide to every NHS in-patient prior to admission, or as soon after admission as possible as this will help reduce infection rates, empower patients and instill good hygiene practices at a fraction of the financial cost of treating those who contract superbugs.
In addition to the Early Day Motions, several Parliamentary Questions (PQs) have been tabled in the House of Commons asking about the possibility of the NHS providing personal antimicrobial products to be supplied to hospital in-patients.
Advertising and marketing
PatientPak is aimed at hospital in-patients, hospital visitors, and other groups vulnerable to infection such as pregnant women and new mothers, those recovering from injury or surgical procedures, and the elderly. PatientPak was advertised between December 2008 and February 2009 on the London Underground network, with the strapline he battle against superbugs just got personal. Four different adverts were used, featuring variously photographs of a pregnant woman and her daughter, a young child, an old man and a younger, sporty man. Slogans included ust bug off, going to wipe you off the face of my earth, alk to the hand, and going to wipe the floor with you.
Media coverage
PatientPak received a great deal of media attention on its launch in October 2008, with articles and pictures in several major UK newspapers, including The Sun, The Daily Mail, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent and the London Metro.
Involvement with MRSA Action UK
PatientPak is working with MRSA Action UK, the UK foremost hospital standards pressure group. Derek Butler, the Chairman of MRSA Action UK has said:
While the NHS cannot guarantee to prevent patients contracting an avoidable healthcare infection, patients will look to prevent themselves from contracting healthcare infections by using items like PatientPak. MRSA Action UK believes that preventing patients contracting avoidable infections is always the best solution."
View from the scientific community
Professor Richard James, Professor of Microbiology at the University of Nottingham and Director of the Centre for Healthcare Associated Infections, has voiced support for PatientPak and is quoted on the company website:
This convenient PatientPak kit is a good idea and offers excellent protection against hospital superbugs and viruses. I would give it to my own relatives who are going into hospital, as it far more valuable than a bunch of flowers.
References
^ http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthprotection/Healthcareacquiredinfection/Healthcareacquiredgeneralinformation/DH_4093113
^ http://www.hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733730106?p=1171991026241
^...

]]>Fri, 19 Mar 2010 05:54:12 GMT Crystal pendent lamps
Types
Most tuners contain a microphone and/or an input jack (for electric instruments such as electric guitar), circuitry for detecting the pitch, and some type of display (an analog needle, an LCD simulated image of a needle, LED lights, or a spinning translucent disk illuminated by a strobing backlight). Some tuners have an output, or through-put, so the tuner can be connected 'in-line' from an electric instrument to an amplifier or mixing console. While small tuners are usually battery powered, some tuners also have a jack for an optional AC power supply.
An IntelliTouch clip-on type tuner on a Mandolin headstock.
The waveform generated by a musical instrument is very complex, as it contains a number of harmonic partials, and it is constantly changing. For this reason the regular tuner must average a number of cycles of the note and use this average to drive its display. Any background noise from other musicians or harmonic overtones from the musical instrument can easily "confuse" the electronic tuner's attempt to "lock" onto the input frequency. This is why the needle or display on regular electronic tuners tends to waver when a pitch is played. Small movements of the needle, or LED, usually represent a tuning error of 1 cent of a semitone. The typical accuracy of these types of tuners is around +/- 3 cents for quality needle tuners and +/- 9 cents of a semitone for the most inexpensive LED tuners. Some companies offer one type of tuner (e.g. Behringer, Quick Time and Fender focus on inexpensive pocket-sized tuners), while other companies, such as Boss and Korg, sell a range of standard, pedal, and rack-mountable tuners at varying levels of quality and features.
"Clip-on" tuners clip onto an instrument (commonly at the headstock of a guitar or bridge of a violin or cello) and pick up vibrations, rather than using a microphone or input jack to sense the input frequency. It then displays the pitch of the instrument's vibration on its large LCD display. Clip-on tuners are less likely to be confused by background noise than a microphone-based tuner, because the clip-on tuners pick up the vibrations of the instrument directly from the body of the instrument , pink christmas lights .
The "String Master" tuner consists of a regular LED tuner where the electric instrument plugs into the unit's base with a 1/4" TRS cable, or an acoustic instrument via a microphone cable. The unit has a built-in motor which drives a string winder tool at the top to the unit. The unit is then placed over the tuning button of the machine head of the string to be tuned, and a note on the relevant string is played. The unit detects the input note and robotically corrects the pitch to a desired frequency by mechanically turning the tuner button to the correct position. It monitors the change in frequency until the "in tune" signal is given , hyundai tail lights .
Some electric guitar tuners are fitted to the instrument itself, such as the Sabine AX3000 and the "NTune" device. The NTune consists of a switching potentiometer, a wiring harness, illuminated plastic display disc, a circuit board and a battery holder. The unit installs in place of an electric guitar's existing volume knob control. The unit functions as a regular volume knob when not in tuner mode. To operate the tuner, the player pulls the volume knob up. The tuner disconnects the guitar's output so the tuning process is not amplified. The lights on the illuminated ring, under the volume knob, indicate which note is being tuned. When the note is brought into tune a green "in tune" indicator light is illuminated. After tuning is complete the volume knob is pushed back down, disconnecting the tuner from the circuit and re-connecting the pickups to the output jack , led diodes .
Gibson guitars released a model in 2008 called the "Robot Guitar". It is a customized version of either the Les Paul or SG model. The guitar is fitted with a special tailpiece, looking like a regular unit, with in-built sensors that pick up the frequency of the strings. There is an illuminated control knob with which the player can select different tuning options. The headstock is fitted with custom-built motorized machine heads that automatically tune the guitar. This system can assist the player to intonate the guitar when the unit is put into "intonation" mode, displaying how much adjustment the bridge requires with a system of flashing LEDs on the control knob.
Regular needle, LCD and LED display tuners
A needle, LCD or regular LED type tuner uses a microprocessor to measure the average period of the waveform. It uses this to then drive the needle or array of lights. When the musician plays a single note, the tuner senses the input from the microphone or input jack (from an electric instrument). The tuner then displays the input frequency in relation to the desired pitch and indicates whether the pitch of that note is lower, higher, or approximately equal to the desired pitch. With needle displays, the note is in tune when the needle is in a 90o vertical position, with leftward or rightward deviations indicating that the note is flat or sharp, respectively. Tuners with a needle are often supplied with a backlight, so that the display can be read on a darkened stage.
Sabine LED tuner
For block LED or LCD display tuners, markings on the readout drift left if the note is flat and right if the note is sharp from the desired pitch. If the input frequency is matched to the desired pitch frequency the LEDs are steady in the middle and an 'in tune' reading is given.
Some LCD displays mimic needle tuners with a needle graphic that moves in the same way as a genuine needle tuner. Somewhat misleadingly, many LED displays have a 'strobe mode' that mimics strobe tuners by scrolling the flashing of the LEDs cyclically to simulate the display of a true strobe. However, these are all just display options. The way a regular tuner 'hears' and compares the input note to a desired pitch is exactly the same, with no change in accuracy. For more on how strobe tuners work see the dedicated section.
The least expensive models only detect and display a small number of pitches, often those pitches that are required to tune a given instrument (e.g., E, A, D, G, B, E of standard guitar tuning). While this type of tuner is useful for bands that only use stringed instruments such as guitar and electric bass, it is not that useful for tuning brass or woodwind instruments. Tuners at the next price point offer "chromatic tuning", which means that the device will detect and assess all of the pitches in the chromatic scale (e.g., C, C#, D, D#, etc.). Chromatic tuners can thus be used for Bb and Eb brass instruments such as saxophones and horns.
Many models have circuitry that automatically detects which pitch is being played, and then compares it against the correct pitch. Less expensive models require the musician to specify the target pitch via a switch or slider. Most low- and mid-priced electronic tuners only allow tuning to an equal temperament scale.
Electric guitar and electric bass players who perform concerts may use electronic tuners which are built into an effects pedal often called a "stomp box". These tuners have a rugged metal or heavy-duty plastic housing and a foot-operated switch to toggle between the tuner and a bypass mode. Professional guitarists may use a more expensive version of the LED tuner which is mounted in a rack-mount case, and has a larger range of LEDs, thus allowing a more accurate display of the flatness or sharpness. More expensive models allow the user to select reference pitches other than A440.
Orchestral tuner allowing calibration for a variety of tunings and temperaments.
In some cases, this is used to select a different note, as in the case of bands which detune their guitars to "Eb" or "D" for a lower, more resonant sound. More subtle changes of a quarter tone or less can be made with some models. This enables instrumentalists to tune to a fixed pitch instrument such as an organ or piano that is not tuned to A440. Some Baroque musicians playing period instruments perform at lower reference pitches such as A435. Some higher-priced electronic tuners allow tuning to a range of different temperaments, which is a feature of interest to some guitarists and to harpsichord players.
Some expensive tuners also include an on-board speaker and amplifier which can sound notes, either to facilitate tuning "by ear" or to act as a pitch reference point for intonation practice, while scales or arpeggios are being practiced. Another feature offered on the most expensive tuners is an adjustable "read time", which determines whether the circuitry will attempt to make a quick assessment of the pitch, or make its assessment over a longer period. Due to their combination of all the above mentioned features, very high-quality needle tuners are suitable for tuning the different types of instruments in an orchestra; these are sometimes called "orchestral tuners".
Strobe tuners
A mechanical strobe tuner. Note the rotating red stobe-disc on the right of the unit.
Strobe tuners (the popular term for stroboscopic tuners) are the most accurate type of tuner. There are three types of strobe tuners: The mechanical rotating disk strobe tuner, an LED array strobe in place of the rotating disk, and "virtual strobe" tuners with LCD displays or ones that work on personal computers. A strobe tuner shows the difference between a reference frequency and the musical note. Even the slightest difference between the two will show up as a rotating motion in the strobe display. The accuracy of the tuner is only limited by the internal...

]]>Wed, 17 Mar 2010 02:55:05 GMT HMS 1&2
Tritium lighting
Radioluminescent keychains
Tritium lighting is made using glass tubes with a phosphor layer in them and tritium (a hydrogen isotope) gas inside the tube. Such a tube is known as a "gaseous tritium light source" (GTLS), or beta light, (since the tritium undergoes beta decay).
Self-luminous microspheres
A patent application was filed by the US Patent Office in 2007 for sand-grain-sized tritium containers or glass or polymer "microspheres" that can be applied in self-powered lighting paint , floating solar lights .
The patent application states that the plurality of individual containment microspheres minimizes the escape of radioactive gas in the event of any physical damage to an assembly of such microspheres. It also states that the radioactive gas has a relatively large contact surface with the phosphor particles, thus causing a relatively efficient light emission from the surface of the particles. No actual paint is known to have been produced yet , super bright white led .
Physics behind the ligh , 7 segment led .
The tritium in a gaseous tritium light source undergoes beta decay, releasing electrons which cause the phosphor layer to fluoresce.
During manufacture, a length of borosilicate glass tube which has had the inside surface coated with a phosphor-containing material is filled with the radioactive tritium. The tube is then fused with a CO2 laser at the desired length. Borosilicate is preferred because it is a type of glass noted for its strength and resistance to breakage. In the tube, the tritium gives off a steady stream of electrons due to beta decay. These particles excite the phosphor, causing it to emit a low, steady glow. One could use any beta particle-emitting substance, but in practice tritium is preferred because it is not very hazardous.
Various preparations of the phosphor compound can be used to produce different colors of light. Some of the colors that have been manufactured in addition to the common phosphorus green are red, blue, yellow, purple, and orange.
The types of GTLS used in watches give off a small amount of lightot enough to be seen in daylight, but enough to be visible in the dark from a distance of several meters[citation needed]. The average such GTLS has a useful life of 1020 years. As the tritium component of the lighting is often more expensive than the rest of the watch itself, manufacturers try to use as little as possible. Being an unstable isotope with a half-life of about 12.36 years, tritium loses half its brightness in that period. The more tritium that is initially placed in the tube, the brighter it is to begin with, and the longer its useful life. Tritium exit signs usually come in three brightness levels guaranteed for 10, 15, or 20 year useful life expectancies[citation needed]. The difference between the signs is how much tritium the manufacturer installs.
Uses of tritium illumination
A "permanent" illumination watch face
These light sources are most often seen as "permanent" illumination for the hands of wristwatches intended for diving, nighttime, or tactical use. They are additionally used in glowing novelty keychains and in self-illuminated exit signs. They are also favored by the military for critical applications where illumination of the glow-in-the-dark sort is desired but a power source may not be available. Some uses of this sort are analog dials in aircraft, in compasses, and sights for weapons.
Tritium lights are also found in many old rotary dial telephones, though due to their age they no longer produce any useful amount of light.
Small arms sights
Tritium is used to make the sights of some small arms illuminate at night. Most night sights are used on semi-automatic handguns. The reticule on the SA80's optical SUSAT sight (Sight Unit Small Arms Trilux) contains a small amount of tritium for the same effect as an example of tritium use on a rifle sight.
Legal issues
Because tritium in particular is an integral part of thermonuclear devices (though in quantities several thousand times larger than that in a keychain), consumer and safety devices containing tritium for use in the United States are subject to certain possession, resale, disposal, and use restrictions. Devices such as self-luminous exit signs, gauges, wrist watches, etc., which contain small amounts of tritium are under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and are subject to possession, distribution, import and export regulations found in 10 CFR Parts, 30, 32 and 110. They are also subject to regulations for possession, use and disposal in certain states. They are readily sold and used in the US and are widely available in the U.K. Some countries, Belgium for example, have outlawed them. Tritium lighting is legal in most of Asia and Australia.
Health concerns
For more details on this topic, see Tritium.
While these devices contain a radioactive substance, it is currently believed that self-powered lighting does not pose a significant health concern. However, a 2007 report by the UK government's Health Protection Agency Advisory Group on Ionizing Radiation declared the health risks of Tritium exposure to be double that previously set by Sweden's International Commission on Radiological Protection.
Tritium presents no external radiation threat when encapsulated in non-hydrogen-permeable containers; its only danger is its constitution into the human body from direct contact, which may in turn cause long-term, low-dose radiation damage. This is because beta decay radiation from tritium is not very energetic; it is incapable of penetrating through glass containers or even intact human skin.
Direct, short-term exposure to small amounts of Tritium is relatively harmless. If a tritium tube should break, one should leave the area and allow the gas to diffuse into the air. Tritium exists naturally in the environment, but in very small quantities.
References
^ http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2007/0200074.html Long life self-luminous microspheres
^ http://www.rexresearch.com/kohnen/kohnen.htm Long life self-luminous microspheres / Litrosphere paint
^ http://www.createthefuturecontest.com/pages/view/entriesdetail.html?entryID=567 Litroenergy - New Light Source Material
^ Verboden gadgets (Dutch)
^ "Healt Protection Agency Advisory Group on Ionizing Radiation". press release on Tritium health risk. http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpa/news/articles/press_releases/2007/071129_radiation_report.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
^ "www.ehso.emory.edu". Nuclide Safety Data Sheet Hydrogen-3. http://www.ehso.emory.edu/radiation/Forms/nuclide_data_safety_sheets.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-11-09. 
External links
Cleanup of a broken tritium sign
Radioluminescent items
Forum discussion on Superluminova vs. Tritium
See also
List of light sources
Exit sign
v  d  e
Lamps and lighting
Incandescent
Regular  Halogen  Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR)  Nernst  Centennial
Fluorescent
Linear/tubular fluorescent  Compact fluorescent (CFL)  Electrodeless electromagnetic induction lamp
High-intensity
discharge (HID)
Mercury-vapor  Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI)  Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI)  Metal halide (Ceramic)  Sodium vapor
Gas discharge
Neon  Xenon arc / Xenon flash  Cold cathode  Black light  Tanning lamp  Germicidal  Growth light
Electric arc
Carbon arc  Yablochkov candle
Combustion
Acetylene/Carbide  Argand  Candle  Diya  Natural gas  Kerosene  Lantern  Limelight  Oil  Safety  Rushlight  Tilley  Torch
Other
Sulfur lamp  Light-emitting diode (LED) / LED lamp / Solid-state lighting (SSL)  Deuterium arc  Plasma  Electroluminescent wire  Chemiluminescence  Radioluminescence  Artificial sunlight  Glow stick  LIFI
Categories: Lighting | Nuclear technologyHidden categories: All articles to be merged | Articles to be merged from April 2009 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008

]]>Wed, 17 Mar 2010 02:53:31 GMT Wooden Crafts / Environmental PC Case
Features
Some of the various models produced by Victorinox.
The Victorinox Cybertool.
Various models of Swiss Army knives exist, with different tool combinations for specific tasks. The simplest model sold includes only a single blade. The most common tools featured are, in addition to the main blade, a smaller second blade, tweezers, toothpick, corkscrew, can opener, bottle opener, slotted/flat-head screwdriver(s), phillips-head screwdriver, nail file, scissors, saw, file, hook, magnifying glass, ballpoint pen, fish scaler, hex wrench w/bits, pliers, and key chain. Recent technological features include USB flash drives, digital clock, digital altimeter, LED light, laser pointer, and MP3 player. The official army model also contains a brass spacer, which allows the knife, with the screwdriver and the reamer extended simultaneously, to be used to assemble the SIG 550 and SIG 510 assault rifles: the knife serves as a restraint to the firing pin during assembly of the lock.
The standard full-size SAK is approximately 9 cm (3.5 inches) long and 2 cm (0.75 inches) wide; smaller models are typically about 6 cm (2.25 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.5 in) wide. Thickness varies depending on the number of tools included. Although red celidor SAKs are most common, there are many colors and scales available. Many textures, colors and shapes now appear in the Swiss Army Knife , art table lamp .
As of 2007, the most technologically advanced model includes a laser pointer and a 2GB detachable USB flash drive . Wenger has even manufactured a $1200 Swiss army knife that includes every implement the company has ever made. Victorinox's headquarters and show room arelocated in the Swiss town of Ibach; Wenger's is headquartered in the Swiss town of Delmont , car emergency lights .
The Victorinox Cybertools have many tools of use with computers and electronic equipment. In addition to the usual tools, including pliers and scissors, they have a 4mm hex screwdriver bit holder and bit case with 4 double-ended bits (8 ends) , hid dive lights .
History
Origins
In 1891, Karl Elsener, then owner of a company that made surgical equipment, discovered to his dismay that the pocket knives supplied to the Swiss army were in fact made in Solingen (Germany). In that age of nationalism, Elsener set out to manufacture the knives in Switzerland itself. Elsener began working on what became the predecessor to the modern Swiss Army knife, called the "Soldier's Knife". The original had a wooden handle, as opposed to the plastic and metal seen today, and featured a cutting blade, a screwdriver, a can opener, and a punch. This knife was sold to the Swiss army, but Elsener was not satisfied with its first incarnation. In 1896, after five years of hard work, Elsener managed to put the blades on both sides of the handle using a special spring mechanism, allowing him to use the same spring to hold them in place, an innovation at the time. This allowed Elsener to put twice as many features on the knife; he added a second cutting blade and a corkscrew.
Karl Elsener used the cross and shield to identify his knives, the symbol still used today on Victorinox-branded versions. When his mother died in 1909, Elsener decided to name his company "Victoria" in her memory. In 1921 the company started using stainless steel to make the Swiss Army Knife. Stainless steel is also known as "inox", short for the French term acier inoxydable. "Victoria" and "inox" were then combined to create the company name "Victorinox". The stainless steel alloy used for these knives consists of Carbon 0.52 %, Chrome 15 %, Manganese 0.45 %, Molybdenum 0.5 %, Silicium 0.6 %. The average blade steel hardness is 55-56 HRC, a hardness that is suitable for practical use and resharpening.
The "Swiss Army Knife" gained international fame when U.S. Army Soldiers returning from Europe after service in World War II brought back red multi-tool pocket knives they had taken from German prisoners of war. German army officers were not issued these items from the Wehrmacht but bought these Swiss-made knives privately along with the silver cross on red background. Thus Americans began calling them the "Swiss officer's knife." As tourists began buying these souvenirs from Switzerland the most common purchase became what the Victorinox company now calls the "Spartan." The difference between the Spartan model and what the U.S. Army Soldiers first brought back from Europe is the lack of the folding scissor in the Spartan.
Victorinox and Wenger
Elsener, through his company Victorinox, managed to corner the market until 1893, when the second industrial cutler of Switzerland, Paul Boechat & Cie, headquartered in Delmont in the French-speaking region of Jura, started selling a similar product. This company was later acquired by its then General Manager, Theodore Wenger, and renamed the Wenger Company. In 1908 the Swiss government, wanting to prevent an issue over regional favouritism, but perhaps wanting a bit of competition in hopes of lowering prices, split the contract with Victorinox and Wenger, each getting half of the orders placed. By mutual agreement, Wenger advertises as the Genuine Swiss Army Knife and Victorinox uses the slogan the Original Swiss Army Knife. However, on April 26, 2005, Victorinox acquired Wenger, thus once again becoming the sole supplier of knives to the Swiss Army. However, on the consumer side Victorinox has stated that it intends to keep both brands intact.
Knives with the most tools
In 2006, Wenger produced a knife with 85 devices and 110 functions to commemorate Wenger's 100th anniversary in the Swiss Army knife business. The Giant, as it's called, is a novelty collector's item that is nearly 9 inches thick, and retails for about U.S. $1200 .
At the same year, Victorinox released SwissChamp XAVT, which includes 80 functions, with retail price of US$425.
The Guinness Book of Records recognizes a Swiss Army-style knife with 314 blades as the record holder.
Manufacturers
Main articles: Victorinox and Wenger
The Swiss company Victorinox AG and its wholly owned subsidiary Wenger SA together supply about 50,000 knives to the Swiss army each year. The rest of production is devoted to exports, mostly to the United States. Commercial Victorinox and Wenger SAKs can be immediately distinguished by their logos; the Victorinox cross is surrounded by a shield with bilateral symmetry, while the Wenger cross is surrounded by a slightly rounded square with quadrilateral symmetry. The two models supplied to the Swiss Army instead bear the Swiss Coat of Arms.
Numerous other companies manufacture similar-looking multi-tool folding knives in a wide range of quality and prices. The color red for multi-function knives, the cross-and-shield emblem, and the words SWISS ARMY are registered trademarks of Victorinox AG and its related companies.
Soldier Knife 08
Victorinox Soldatenmesser 08 as issued by the Swiss military.
In 2007, the Swiss Government made a request for more knives for the Swiss army for distribution in late 2008; however, due to size of the order, WTO ruled that it had to open the request for bids from companies around the world, not just the native Victorinox and Wenger.
The evaluation phase of the new soldier knife began in February 2008, when Armasuisse issued an invitation to tender. A total of seven suppliers from Switzerland and other countries were invited to participate in the evaluation process. Functional models submitted by suppliers underwent practical testing by military personnel in July 2008, while laboratory tests were used to assess compliance with technical requirements. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted and the model with the best price/performance ratio was awarded the contract. The order for 75,000 soldier knives plus cases is worth CHF 1.38 million. This equates to a purchase price of CHF 18.40 (EUR 12.16, USD 16.95) per knife plus case.
Victorinox won the contest with a knife based on the One-Hand Trailmaster/Trekker model as issued by the German Bundeswehr and started massproduction of the new Soldatenmesser 08 (Soldier Knife 08) for the Swiss army in December 2008. The Soldier Knife 08 features an 111 mm (4.4 in) long ergonomic handle with two-component polymer grip shells and a double liner locking system, one-hand 86 mm (3.4 in) long locking partly serrated drop point blade, wood saw, can opener with small 3 mm screwdriver, locking bottle opener with large 7 mm screwdriver and wire stripper/bender, reamer, Phillips (PH2) screwdriver and key ring. The overall length opened is 197 mm (7.8 in) and it weighs 126 g (4.44 oz). The Soldier Knife 08 replaces the previous Swiss soldier's knife, which was introduced in 1961. The new Soldier Knives will be issued to troops during the first basic training sessions of 2009.
Gallery
Victorinox Soldier Knife as issued by the German Bundeswehr.
Victorinox Swiss Army knife, closed
The Scouting 2007 Centenary Swiss Army Knife
A SwissChamp, one of the most functional Swiss Army knives. It's also in the Museum of Modern Art.
An example of a "Swiss Navy" imitation Swiss-like multitool
In popular culture
The Swiss Army Knife is a signature of the American TV show MacGyver, wherein MacGyver often improvises tools that are needed to solve problems. He often used his knife to help build mechanisms out of common items, which led to sayings such as "making a rocket out of a matchbox and a paper clip." In fact, this has led to many discussions to attempt to list the variants that were used....

]]>Wed, 17 Mar 2010 02:53:29 GMT Solar house number
Origins
Since the spontaneous rise and propagation of Liquid throughout the rave culture sometime during the 1980 and early 1990, the root origins of the dance have ultimately remained a source of contention between both those involved directly with the dance as well as those outside of the immediate culture. In fact, even the time frame is difficult to pinpoint. Sightings of the dance range all the way back to the early and mid 1970. While some argue that the dance evolved spontaneously from combining elements in the rave culture, others still contend that the dance is merely an extension of existing ideas from other art forms. It should be noted that scores of these artists (Funk Stylists, Glowstickers Contact Jugglers, Mimes, & The Unknown) attended raves regularly all throughout the 1980 and 1990. In the wake of the decline of the original rave scene, Liquid has become a standing part of a worldwide club culture and the underground street dancing movement.
B-boys and funk stylists generally contend that liquid dancing is a development of waving, a technique in popping. Liquid dancing covers many of the same fundamentals as popping and it is fully possible (and common) for dancers to combine the styles, further blurring the distinction between the two. The defining difference is liquid dancing concentrating on smooth movements while popping is characterized by pops (hits) and contractions.
Some other liquid dancers uphold that liquiding is a pure B-boy style of dance that was merely inspired by popping and that the liquiding done by ravers is merely a toned down version of the dance meant to compensate for the lack of space and lights within a rave.
Techniques, concepts, and construction
Liquid dancers use a variety of techniques rhythmically strung together to create an illusion of continuous flow that corresponds to the music.
Hand flow
Hand flow is the most commonly used technique in Liquid dancing and simultaneously the easiest to grasp. It consists of curling the fingers of one hand and following them with the straight fingers of the opposite hand. The wrists, elbows, and shoulders may be involved to extend the motion. A Liquid dancer's personal style is defined by his or her individual approach to hand flow, and how it fits into their dance as a whole.
Rails
Rails, often a heavy focus in liquid, are characterized by the moving of the arms along a set path or "rail".
Wave , interior wall lights .
Main article: Waving (dance move , 5 led flashlight .
Waves maintain the illusion that a wave is passing through one's body by the isolation and alternating tensing and relaxing of one part of the body at a time at a steady speed in a constant direction , under cabinet light .
Traces
During a trace, one's hand follows the path of a wave going through one's body. The hand moves at the same speed and in the same direction as the wave.
Contours
This technique entails the hands following exactly the outline of an object, be it real or imaginary. Most commonly the hands follow the outline of one's own body.
Threads
This style maintains the illusion that one is pulling parts of their body through holes created by the positioning of other body parts, typically arms. An example of this would be holding one's shoulder to create a closed loop which the other arm goes through. These are performed at the same speed as the flow of the liquid and waves to maintain an illusion of continuity.
Splits
This technique is characterized by the hands moving independently of each other while maintaining the illusion of a fluid relationship between each other. One way of achieving this illusion is by having one hand in front of the other and each hand reflecting the motion of the other.
Builds
Builds are identified by the manipulation of imaginary objects in a manner similar to pantomime. These moves can be combined with video editing to show the imaginary object being manipulated as the person dances.
Gear
Some liquid practitioners commonly accentuate their dance with light emitting gear. Typically the gear will consist of either glowsticks, very bright LED keychain lights called photons, or white gloves under black light. When a dancer specializes in glowsticks, the dance often ceases to resemble liquid and is then referred to as glowsticking.
External links
Floasis - Current Liquid Dance Community. Forums and tutorial/exhibition videos can be found.
DANCELEMENTS - Teaches mainstream Rave dance styles along with many more tutorials.
Street dance
Breakdancing - Hip hop dance - Krumping - Liquid dancing - Locking - Popping - Robot - Tutting - Uprock
Categories: Popping (dance) | Syllabus-free dance

]]>Wed, 17 Mar 2010 02:53:25 GMT LED Light Bulb In Candle Shape
Etymology
'Krishna' refers to 'black' and 'giri' refers to 'hill'. Thus, 'Krishnagiri' refers to 'Black Hill'. This district is gifted with black granite hillocks and named as 'Krishnagiri'. Also, the region came under the rule of Krishna Deva Raya and hence it might also have been named after him.
History
Krishnagiri Fort
Krishnagiri District has a prehistoric importance. Archaeological sources confirm the presence of habitats of man kind during Paleolithic, Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Various rock paintings and rock carvings of Indus Valley civilization and Iron Age seen in this district support the historical significance of this district. The heart of Krishnagiri,Kaveripattinam,Hosur and Uthangarai were known as 'Eyil Nadu', 'Murasu Nadu' and 'Kowoor Nadu' respectively. During the Chola period, Krishnagiri region was called 'Nigarili Chola Mandlam' and 'Vidhugadhazhagi Nallur'. Under the Nulamba rule it was popular as 'Nulambadi' according to historical sources. Hero stones were erected for those whose lost their lives in pursuit of adventure. There was a tradition of erecting memorial stones for people who sacrifice their lives for the sake of their kings since Sangam age. These memorial stones were called 'Navagandam'. Plenty of memorial stones available in this district speak volumes about the valour and virtues of the people , buy bape .
Part of Salem, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri and Mysore were together named as Thagadur Nadu in Sangam age. Krishnagiri was once ruled by Adhiyaman and hence also known as Adhiayaman Nadu. Adhiayaman, considered a noble king, offered 'Karunelli' (Goose Berry) to the great Tamil poetess "Avvaiyar", who adorned his court for her long life. This region was ruled by Pallavas, Gangas, Nulambas, Cholas, Hoysalas, Vijaya Nagar Emperors, Bijapur Sultans, Wudayars of Mysore and Nayaks of Madurai. The region of krishnagiri served as gateway of Tamil Nadu and a protective barrier for Southern region defending onslaughts from barriers with motives of imperialism and exploitation. Twelve Forts in this region were popularly known as 'Bara Mahal' Forts. These forts have withstood many attacks by the Mysore and Andhra rulers. Amongst them, Krishnagiri Fort became the first and forth most defensive place. The majestic fort built on the Krishnagiri hill by the Vijayanagar Emperors, stands as testimony even now. Kundani, a place in Krishnagiri District was once the head quarters of the Hoysala King Veera Ramanathan in the 13th Centuty AD. Jagadevarayan, a Hoysala king made 'Jagadevi' (one of the 'Bara Mahal' forts) as his capital , neon rope light .
During the I Mysore War the British troops passed through Krishnagiri to attack Hyder Ali's Forces at Kaveripattinam. The British army was defeated here. In the II Mysore War the entire region of Salem and Karnataka came under Hyder Ali's control. Hyder Ali fought bravely against the English at Krishnagiri. In the II Mysore war, after the Treaty of Srirangapattinam, the entire region of Salem and Bara Mahal were surrendered to the British. In 1792 AD, Captain Alexander Reed became the first District Collector of this region. Under the diplomacy of Robert Clive, the then Governor of Madras Presidency, Krishnagiri became the headquarters of Bara Mahal. A mint was established at krishnagiri in 1794 AD. Gold, silver and copper coins were forged here. Rayakottai, once a strong hold of the British, lost its importance for defense by 1880 AD. Many soldiers from krishnagiri region took part in the World War and lost their lives. Even today a large number of youth from this district are in the services of the Indian army. Krishnagiri district had its fair share of freedom fighters in the Indian freedom struggle. Prominent amongst them was Dr. C. Rajagopalachari, who, from a small village in this district rose to become the first Governor General of independent India and also the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , xmas light .
Till the year 2004 Krishnagiri was a part of the Dharmapuri district. It was then separated from Dharmapuri district and formed as the 30th district separate district of Tamil Nadu in 2004.
District Administration
District Administration is headed by the District Collector.Present District Collector is Dr.V.K.SHANMUGAM,I.A.S.,
Geography & Climate
Garden at the Krishnagiri dam
Krishnagiri district covers an area of 5143 km. Krishnagiri district is bound by Vellore and Thiruvannamalai districts to the East, State of Karnataka to the west, State of Andhra Pradesh to the North and Dharmapuri District to the south. This district is elevated from 300m to 1400m above the mean sea level. It is located between 11 12'N to 12 49'N Latitude, 77 27'E to 78 38'E Longitude.
Taluk H.Q
Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)
Krishnagiri Taluk
12o 32 44
78o 13 36
Pochampalli Taluk
12o 20
78o 22
Uthangarai Taluk
12o 15
78o 33
Hosur Taluk
12o 48
77o 50 23
Denkanikottai Taluk
12o 02
77o 47
It basically has a mountainous terrain. The flatlands are irrigated by the South Pennar River. The eastern part of the district experiences hot climate and the western part contrastingly has a pleasant climate. The average rainfall is 830 mm per annum. March - June is the summer season. July - November is the Rainy Season and during December - February winter prevails.
Year
Rain fall (in mm)
2001-2002
825.700
2002-2003
521.600
2003-2004
1075.600
2004-2005
230.620
2005-2006
1262.800
Net Cultivated, Irrigated, Double , Multiple Cropped, Cultivable Wasteland, Water land and Forest
Classification
Geo.
Extent (Ha)
Forest
202409
39%
Banner and uncultivable waste
24194
5%
Land put to non agricultural uses
21466
4%
Cultivable waste
6341
1%
Permanent pastures and other grassing lands
7378
1%
Divisions
Krishnagiri district comprises two revenue division krishnagiri and hosur.There are five taluks namely Krishnagiri, Hosur, Pochampalli, Uthangarai and Denkanikotta. There are ten Panchayat Unions as follows: Kelamangalam, Thali, Krishnagiri, Shoolagiri, Vepanapalli, Hosur, Kaveripattinam, Bargur, Mathur and Uthangarai.
Basic Infrastructures
The following major roads pass through Krishnagiri
Highways
roadway
NH
kilometers
Kanniyakumari Kashmir
7
70.185
Krishnagiri Ranipet
46
21.400
Pondichery Krishnagiri
66
58.969
Krishnagiri Kuppam
219
19
Sarjapur Bagalur Hosur
207
19
Railways
Salem, Bangalore Broad gauge line run through Hosur. A railway line between Jolarpet and Hosur (Via) Krishnagiri will pave way for further improvement of industrial growth in Hosur. This will link Chennai city and its port facilities with the growing town of Hosur, which is also a hub for horticulture crops. However this will take some time for realization.
Please arrange to (Via) Samalpatti,there is SIPCOT(Bargur sipcot) connection. (Jolarpet - Samalpatti - Krishnagiri - Hosur - Bangalore)
Irrigation (Canal, Tube Wells, Wells, Tanks) etc
The Public Works Department and Panchayat union tanks, ponds and supply channels plays an important role in the irrigation of Krishnagiri district. But they have to be desilted and strengthened. New Check Dams and flood protection walls have to be constructed for water conservation.
Rural Electrification
Street lighting in rural areas is vested with the Panchayat Administration. The panchayats looks after the erection of new streetlights in the hamlets, payment of current consumption charges from the panchayat funds. Also the Procurement of tube lights, sodium vapor lights and other electrical appliances are done by the connected Panchayats itself. Now solar lights are also being utilized to cut down on consumption cost. Overall, 95% of the hamlets are covered under Rural Electrification.
Power Supply Position
Generally the power supply position in Krishnagiri District is normal. But in some areas low voltage problem is felt, especially in the hamlets in ghat section. To minimize the current consumption charges in the Panchayat, efforts were taken to utilize solar power lights as an alternate and renewable source in Krishnagiri District.
Educational and Vocational Training Institutes etc
There is a Community Polytechnic run by the Government in Krishnagiri District. Also, the TAHDCO (Tamilnadu Adi Dravidar Housng Development Corporation) offers Nursing and Catering Training under Vocational Training courses through private training institutions to people belonging to SC / ST communities. Also skill training is given to scavengers under NSLRS scheme by TAHDCO. The Government as well as private organizations in Krishnagiri District run the following schools and training institutions.
Education centers
no.
Primary Schools
988
Middle schools
107
High schools
113
Hr. Sec. Schools
72
Industrial Training Institutions
5
Music school
1
Teachers Training School
1
Polytechnic
4
Engineering College
3
Arts & Science College
5
Demographics
Aerial view of Hosur
The district has a population of 15,46,700. It has a literacy of 58.11%, one of the lowest in the state. It is only 16.42% urbanised as per Census 2001, while Tamil Nadu state is the most urbanized state in India.
Demographic of Krishnagiri...

]]>Wed, 17 Mar 2010 02:53:23 GMT Helpan - HURRICANE Packing Machine bik or Rubiks may refer to:
People
Alfrds Rubiks, Latvian politician
Anja Rubik, Polish fashion model
Ern Rubik, Hungarian professor and inventor of Rubik's Cube and other mechanical puzzle , blinking led lights .
Piotr Rubik, Polish compose , batteryless flashlight .
Othe , crystal iron chandelier .
Rubik, Albania, mining town
Rubik (band), Finnish pop/rock band
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

]]>Wed, 17 Mar 2010 02:53:21 GMT
Abuse
Nia was subject to extensive physical abuse for weeks, possibly even months, before being admitted to hospital and dying of brain injuries on 3 August 2007. The court concluded she had been kicked, beaten, slapped, jumped on, held over a burning fire, had wrestling moves copied from a computer game practised on her, placed into a clothes dryer spinning at top heat for up to 30 minutes, folded into a sofa and sat on, shoved into piles of rubbish, dragged through a sandpit half-naked, flung against a wall, dropped from a height onto the floor, and whirled rapidly on an outdoor rotary clothes line until thrown off.
At the time her mother, 34 year-old Lisa Michelle Kuka, told the hospital her injuries were the result of her falling off her partner's (then 17 year-old Wiremu Te Aroha Te Whanau Curtis) shoulders. It later emerged that her central North Island family, which was celebrating a 21st birthday, waited 36 hours after the toddler lapsed into a coma on the floor before taking her to the hospital. Even then Lisa continued to go out clubbing while her daughter lay dying in the hospital. During the trial, a doctor told the court that if the little girl had been taken to hospital as soon as she was unconscious, she would have likely survived.
Trial
After a four week long trial ending in November 2008 Nia's mother, Lisa Kuka, 35, was found guilty of two counts of manslaughter: one for failing to obtain medical treatment for the toddler before her death in August last year, and one for failing to protect her. Lisa's partner Wiremu Curtis, 19, and his brother Michael, 22, were found guilty of murder and face sentences of life in prison. Nia's cousin Michael Pearson, 20, and Michael Curtis's partner Oriwa Kemp, 18, were found not guilty on manslaughter charges but were convicted of child cruelty. Presiding Judge Judith Potter openly wept as she delivered the sentences and after thanking equally affected shaken jurors for coping with the case went so far as to offer them counselling.
William Curtis, the father of the Curtis brothers, and the first cousin of Hollywood actor Cliff Curtis, also faces charges for the alleged abuse of Nia concerning an earlier alleged incident but as of November 2008 no trial date has been set for him.
Aftermat , folding clothes dryer .
Nia's abuse became the subject of various campaigns against violence and cruelty to children in New Zealand. Prime Minister Helen Clark said she could not believe that a child could suffer like that without anybody knowing about it and encouraged New Zealanders to report child abuse. In fact many in the community blame the culture of "not wanting to nark" or inform the police of domestic violence matters as one of the prime contributors to Nia's death. For example, one of the prosecution witnesses Rawhiti Simiona, a neighbour to the house where Nia suffered, told New Zealand television he regretted not calling the police when he saw the toddler being swung on the clothes line , medical equipment supplier .
Reference , hotel hair dryer .
^ a b Cook, Stephen (2007-07-29). "Tot's injuries due to a fall, says mother". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10454501. Retrieved on 2008-11-21. 
^ "BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Child murder case shocks NZ court". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7734932.stm. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/4145108a10.html
^ "Brothers guilty of murdering New Zealand toddler Nia Glassie | The Australian". http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24669230-2703,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
^ a b c d "Nia Glassie case: 'We've got to learn to nark'". New Zealand Herald. 19 November 2008. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10543816. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
^ "Abused 3-year-old dies in hospital - 03 Aug 2007 - Assault & homicide news - NZ Herald". http://www.nzherald.co.nz/assault-and-homicide/news/article.cfm?c_id=124&objectid=10455664. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
^ "Toddler Nia Glassie put in dryer before she died | The Daily Telegraph". http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,24530009-5006003,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
^ "Packed court for toddler abuse hearing - 30 Jul 2007 - NZ Herald: New Zealand National news". http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10454608. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
^ "Questions of why Nia Glassie suffered asked after guilty verdicts - 18 Nov 2008 - NZ Herald: New Zealand National news". http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10543756&ref=rss. Retrieved on 2008-11-22. 
Categories: Child abuse | New Zealand murdered childrenHidden categories: Orphaned articles from February 2009 | All orphaned articles

]]>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 03:45:33 GMT ironing board clothes horse
A clotheshorse (often written as two words, i.e. clothes horse), or "clothes rack", a winterdyke, a clothes maiden, a drying rack, or an airer, refers to a frame (usually wooden, metal or plastic) upon which clothes are hung after washing to enable them to dry.
There are many types of drying racks, including large, stationary outdoor racks, smaller, folding portable racks, and wall mounted drying racks. A drying rack is similar in usage and function to a clothes line. The name clothes horse was in use by 1800.
Clothes Horse may also refer to a person excessively or obsessively interested in clothes, often to a humorous extent .
References
^ Scots Word of the Week Archive - Page , clothes hanging racks .
^ The LINGUIST List Eastern Michigan University LISTSERV 14. , wooden children's hangers .
See als , wholesale racks .
Clothes dryer
Clothes line
Drying cabinet
Laundry
Sheila Maid
Categories: Home | Laundry

]]>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 03:45:29 GMT Ceramic Watches Vm125tza
History
A simple demonstration using a charged rod to attract scraps of paper. From the 1878 book Opfindelsernes Bog (Book of inventions), by Andr Ltken.
Main article: History of electromagnetism
The natural phenomenon of static electricity was known at least as early as the 6th century BC, as attested by Thales of Miletus. Scientific research into the subject began when machines were built to create it artificially, such as the friction generator developed by Otto von Guericke in the 17th century. The connection between static electricity and storm clouds was famously demonstrated by Benjamin Franklin in 1750 . In 1832, Michael Faraday published the results of his experiment on the identity of electricities, which proved that the electricity induced using a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same. Since Faraday's result, the history of static electricity merged with the study of electricity in general.
Causes of static electricit , infinity hair dryer .
The materials we observe and interact with from day to day are formed from atoms and molecules that are electrically neutral, having an equal number of positive charges (protons, in the nucleus) and negative charges (electrons, in shells surrounding the nucleus). The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges , auto air conditioning parts .
Contact-induced charge separatio , kiln dryer .
Main article: Triboelectric effect
Electrons can be exchanged between materials on contact; materials with weakly bound electrons tend to lose them, while materials with sparsely filled outer shells tend to gain them. This is known as the triboelectric effect and results in one material becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged. The polarity and strength of the charge on a material once they are separated depends on their relative positions in the triboelectric series. The triboelectric effect is the main cause of static electricity as observed in everyday life, and in common high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together (e.g. fur and an acrylic rod). Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes static cling (a balloon rubbing on your hair becomes statically charged and becomes negative, and when it is near a wall it attracts to the positively charged particles in the wall).
Pressure-induced charge separation
Main article: Piezoelectric effect
Applied mechanical stress generates a separation of charge in certain types of crystals and ceramics molecules.
Heat-induced charge separation
Main article: Pyroelectric effect
Heating generates a separation of charge in the atoms or molecules of certain materials. All pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. The atomic or molecular properties of heat and pressure response are closely related.
Charge-induced charge separation
Main article: Electrostatic induction
A charged object brought into the vicinity of an electrically neutral object will cause a separation of charge within the conductor. Charges of the same polarity are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted. As the force due to the interaction of electric charges falls off rapidly with increasing distance, the effect of the closer (opposite polarity) charges is greater and the two objects feel a force of attraction. The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an electrical conductor as the charges are more free to move around.
Careful grounding of part of an object with a charge-induced charge separation can permanently add or remove electrons,leaving the object with a global,permanent charge. This process is integral to the workings of the Van de Graaf Generator, a device commonly used to demonstrate the effects of static electricity.
Removal and prevention of static electricity
Main articles: Antistatic agent and Antistatic device
Removing or preventing a buildup of static charge can be as simple as opening a window or using a humidifier to increase the moisture content of the air, making the atmosphere more conductive. Air ionizers can perform the same task.
Items that are particularly sensitive to static discharge may be treated with the application of an antistatic agent, which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed. Fabric softeners and dryer sheets used in washing machines and clothes dryers are an example of an antistatic agent used to prevent and remove static cling.
Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are particularly sensitive to static discharge. Conductive antistatic bags are commonly used to protect such components, while people working on circuits containing them will often ground themselves using a conductive antistatic strap.
In the industrial settings such as paint or flour plants as well as in hospitals, antistatic safety boots are sometimes used to prevent a buildup of static charge due to contact with the floor. These shoes have soles with good conductivity. Anti-static shoes should not be confused with insulating shoes, which provide exactly the opposite benefit some protection against serious electric shocks from the mains voltage.
A network card inside an antistatic bag.
An antistatic wrist strap with crocodile clip.
Static discharge
Main articles: Electrostatic discharge and Corona discharge
The spark associated with static electricity is caused by electrostatic discharge, or simply static discharge, as excess charge is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings.
The feeling of a static electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body. Due to the ubiquitous presence of water in places inhabited by people, the accumulated charge is generally not enough to cause high current.
Despite the apparently innocuous nature of static electricity as we generally experience it, there can be significant risks associated with it in circumstances where large charges may accumulate in the presence of sensitive materials or devices.
Lightning
Natural static discharge
Main article: Lightning
Lightning is a dramatic natural example of static discharge. While the details are unclear and remain a subject of debate, the initial charge separation is thought to be associated with contact between ice particles within storm clouds. In general, significant charge accumulations can only persist in regions of low electrical conductivity (very few charges free to move in the surroundings), hence the flow of neutralizing charges often results from neutral atoms and molecules in the air being torn apart to form separate positive and negative charges which then travel in opposite directions as an electric current, neutralizing the original accumulation of charge. The static charge in air typically breaks down in this way at around 30,000 volts-per-centimetre (30 kV/cm) depending on humidity. The discharge superheats the surrounding air causing the bright flash, and produces a shockwave causing the clicking sound. The lightning bolt is simply a scaled up version of the sparks seen in more domestic occurrences of static discharge. The flash occurs because the air in the discharge channel is heated to such a high temperature that it emits light by incandescence. The clap of thunder is the result of the shock wave created as the superheated air expands explosively.
Electronic components
Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are extremely sensitive to the presence of static electricity and can be damaged by a static discharge.
Static build-up in flowing flammable and ignitable materials
Discharge of static electricity can create severe hazards in those industries dealing with flammable substances, where a small electrical spark may ignite explosive mixtures.
The flowing movement of finely powdered substances or low conductivity fluids in pipes or through mechanical agitation can build up static electricity. Dust clouds of finely powdered substances can become combustible or explosive. When there is a static discharge in a dust or vapor cloud, explosions have occurred. Among the major industrial incidents that have occurred are: a grain silo in southwest France, a paint plant in Thailand, a factory making fiberglass mouldings in Canada, a storage tank explosion in Glenpool, Oklahoma in 2003, and a portable tank filling operation and a tank farm in Des Moines, Iowa and Valley Center, Kansas in 2007.
The ability of a fluid to retain an electrostatic charge depends on its electrical conductivity. When low conductivity fluids flow through pipelines or are mechanically agitated, contact-induced charge separation called flow electrification occurs. Fluids that have low electrical conductivity (below 50 pico siemens/m), are called accumulators. Fluids having conductivities above 50 pico siemens/m are called non-accumulators. In non-accumulators, charges recombine as fast as they are separated and hence electrostatic charge accumulation is not significant. In the petrochemical industry, 50 pico siemens/m is the recommended minimum value of electrical conductivity for adequate removal of charge from a fluid.
Kerosines may have conductivity ranging from <1 pico siemens/m to 20 pico siemens/m. For comparison, deionized water has a conductivity of about 10,000,000 pico siemens/m.
An important concept for insulating fluids is the static relaxation time. This is similar to the time constant...

]]>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 03:45:27 GMT
Comparison
Advantages of a clothes line
Saves money
Zero greenhouse gas emissions per load (2 kg of greenhouse gas emissions from the average mechanical clothes dryer per load)
Laundry smells "clothesline fresh" without using chemical , mounted hair dryer .
Less fabric wear and tea , professional nail dryer .
Laundry items do not shrink (hot air from a mechanical clothes dryer may shrink items , wooden dryer .
No static cling
Laundry items stay softer (mechanical clothes dryers tend to remove short, soft, fine fibers)
Laundry items may be less wrinkled (items left in a mechanical clothes dryer tend to get wrinkled)
Laundry items may dry more quickly on dry or windy days (summer or winter)
No risk of fire (mechanical clothes dryers can potentially catch on fire)
No risk of toxic fumes (gas-powered mechanical clothes dryers can potentially leak gas)
Avoids the potential of airborne lint and reduced air quality
Eliminates heating up the inside of a house by a mechanical clothes dryer
Eliminates the noise from a mechanical clothes dryer
Provides a source of exercise and beneficial sunshine
Helps protect habitat (the loss of natural habit potential from a mechanical clothes dryer is estimated to be 1.5 square metres per load of laundry based on Primary production correlations)
When drying clothes indoors, evaporating moisture will remove heat from the air which could save on space cooling costs.
More revenue for those who sell or install clothes lines, clothes pins, drying racks, etc.
Disadvantages of using a clothes line
Laundry items need to be hung indoors during rainy weather
Neighbours may find it aesthetically unpleasant
Laundry items may be more stiff (at least initially) - with or without the fabric softener that can be used with a mechanical dryer
Wind, temperature, and humidity can vary the drying time
Environmental contaminants such as soil, dust, smoke, and animal droppings can come in contact with clothing.
Less revenue for those associated with the production and distribution of electricity/gas
Less revenue for those who sell or service mechanical dryers
When drying clothes indoors, evaporating moisture will remove heat from the air which may require additional space heating to maintain room temperature
Drying laundry indoors
Laundry may be dried indoors for a variety of reasons including:
inclement weather
physical disability
lack of space for a line
legal restrictions
to raise the humidity level indoors
to lower the air temperature indoors
convenience
to preserve privacy
Several types of devices are available for indoor drying. A drying rack or clotheshorse can help save space in an apartment or clothes line can be strung in the basement during the winter. Small loads can simply be draped over furniture or a shower curtain pole. The drying time indoors will typically be longer than outdoor drying because of the lack of direct solar radiation and the convective assistance of the wind.
The evaporation of the moisture from the clothes will cool the indoor air and increase the humidity level, which may or may not be desirable. An average-sized wash load will convert approximately 3000 BTU of ambient heat into latent heat stored in the evaporated water. To determine how much heat is being removed by a load of laundry, weigh the clothes when they are wet and then again after they have dried. The difference is the weight of the evaporated water. Multiply that weight in pounds by 1050 get the BTU, or multiply by .3074 to get kilowatt-hours. (Note: If the moisture later condenses inside the house, the heat will again be released back into the room.)
Drying launrdy in freezing conditions
Laundry may be dried outdoors when the temperature is well below the freezing point. First, the moisture in the launrdy items will freeze and the clothing will become stiff. Then the frost on the clothes will slowly (how long?) sublimate into the air leaving the items moisture-free.[citation needed]
Legality
In the United States, Florida, Colorado, and Utah have passed laws forbidding bans on clothes lines.
In Canada, the Province of Ontario lifted bans on clothes lines in 2008.
Images
Clothes pins (or pegs) on a clothes line
Pegs on a clothes line
Washing line in Iceland
T clothes line
Clothes lines in New York City, from a 1904 postcard
Across-street line in Armley, Leeds, showing pulley operated at street level, 2004.
See also
Clotheshorse or drying rack for drying clothes inside.
Clothes dryer
Drying cabinet
Penman equation
Project Laundry List, New-Hampshire, US, organisation to encourage outdoor drying
Sheila Maid
References
^ a b c d e Rosenthal, Elisabeth (April 17), "A Line in the Yard: The Battle Over the Right to Dry Outside", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/world/americas/17clothesline.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=clothesline&st=nyt&oref=slogin 
^ a b c d Aun, Leslie M. (August 17), "Nature's Dryer Revisited", Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/16/AR2006081600394.html 
^ a b c a clothes dryer and a clothes line, ecofx, January 10, 2008, http://ecofx.org/wiki/index.php?title=clothes_dryer 
^ Brand, Downy (April 4), Fabric Softener Facts, http://www.downy.com/en_US/articles/fabric_softener_facts.jsp 
^ P&G, Global Operations (June 17) ([dead link]), http://media.tide.com/en_US/messageboard/readthread.jsp?connectionID=74108 
^ Products, Landor (April 17), Case History, http://www.landor.com/index.cfm?do=ourwork.casehistory&cn=5233&bhcp=1 
^ American Sanitary, Supply (September 5), clothesline fresh, http://www.americansanitarysupply.com/index_files/catalog08_files/Page1309.htm 
^ a b c Diamond, Sheldon R. (1970). Fundamental Concepts of Modern Physics. USA: AMSCO School Publications, Inc. pp. 205. "During evaporation... The surroundings thereby become the ultimate source of the energy required to change the phase of [water] from liquid to gas."
^ a b c Enthalpy of vaporization. (2009, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:18, April 4, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_of_vaporization&oldid=280526588
^ "Second Law of Thermodynamics", Second Law of Thermodynamics 
^ "Grashof number", Grashof number 
^ "Clausius-Clapeyron relation", Clausius-Clapeyron relation 
^ http://www.realestatejournal.com/homegarden/20070919-chaker.html
^ Chaker, Anne Marie, "The Right to Dry", The Wall Street Journal, September 18, 2007
^ Colorado Governor's Energy Office HOA Bill - HB 1270
^ Ontario premier lifts outdoor-clothesline ban
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Clothes lines
Article about washing lines and clothes pegs
Project Laundry List
"Instructables" article on minimizing the work involved in using a clothesline
Wiki site detailing the different types of clotheslines, drying racks, hoists etc. and where to buy them
Clothes Line History in Australia
Categories: Laundry | Domestic lifeHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from May 2009 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009

]]>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 03:45:25 GMT Ceramic Watches Vm125tza
Family background
Schlafly's great-grandfather Stewart, a Presbyterian, came from Scotland to New York, in 1851, and moved westward through Canada before settling in Michigan. Her grandfather, Andrew F. Stewart, was a successful master mechanic with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. Schlafly's father, John Bruce Stewart, was a machinist and salesman of industrial equipment, principally for Westinghouse. He became unemployed in 1932 during the Great Depression and could not find permanent work until World War II. He was granted a patent in 1944 for a rotary engine.
Schlafly's mother, Odile Dodge, was the daughter of the moderately successful attorney Ernest C. Dodge. Odile attended college through graduate school and, before her marriage, worked as a teacher at Hosmer Hall, a private school for girls in St. Louis. With her father legal business suffering during the Great Depression and her husband out of work, Odile worked as a librarian and a school teacher to support both families.
John Fred Schlafly, Jr., came from a well-to-do St. Louis family. His grandfather, August, immigrated in 1854 from Switzerland as a child. Shortly after August arrival, his father died and the family resettled in Carlyle, Illinois. There August and two brothers worked as clerks in a local grocery store. In 1876, August older brother married Catharine Hubert, the daughter of a successful local businessman. Shortly thereafter, the three brothers founded the firm of Schlafly Bros., which dealt in groceries, Queensware (dishes made by Wedgwood), hardware, and agricultural implements. They later sold that business and concentrated on banking and other businesses that made them wealthy.
Early lif , wholesale oakley .
Schlafly was christened Phyllis McAlpin Stewart and brought up as a Roman Catholic in St. Louis. According to one report, during the Depression, Schlafly's father went into long-term unemployment, and her mother entered the labor market. Mrs. Stewart was able to keep the family afloat and maintained Phyllis in a Catholic girls' school. In one of her books, Strike From Space (1965), Schlafly notes that she was at one time, "a ballistics gunner and technician at the largest ammunition plant in the world. , rack dryer .
She began college early and worked as a model for a time. She earned her A.B. Phi Beta Kappa from Washington University, in St. Louis, in 1944, at age 19. She received a Master of Arts degree, in Government, from Radcliffe College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1945. In 1978, she earned a J.D. from Washington University Law School in St. Louis , brush dryer .
In 1952, Schlafly ran unsuccessfully for Congress as a Republican in a Democratic district. It was another decade, however, before she came to national attention with A Choice, Not an Echo, millions of copies of which were distributed in support of Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign. In it, Schlafly denounced the Rockefeller Republicans in the Northeast, accusing them of corruption and globalism. Critics called the book a conspiracy theory about "secret kingmakers" controlling the Republican Party. Schlafly attended the 1960 Republican National Convention, and helped lead a revolt of moral conservatives against Richard Nixon's stance on a change to a civil rights plank.
In 1967, Schlafly lost her bid for the presidency of the National Federation of Republican Women after a vigorous campaign against the more moderate candidate Gladys O'Donnell of California. Outgoing NFRW president and future United States Treasurer Dorothy Elston of Delaware worked against Schlafly in the campaign.
She joined the John Birch Society, but quit because she thought that the main Communist threats to the nation were external, rather than internal. In 1970, Schlafly again ran unsuccessfully for a House of Representatives seat in Illinois, losing to Democratic incumbent George E. Shipley.
Activism
"Stop ERA"
Schlafly became the most visible and effective opponent of the Equal Rights Amendment during the 1970s as the organizer of the "Stop the ERA" movement, widely credited with stopping it from achieving ratification by its legislative deadline. "STOP" is also an acronym for "Stop Taking our Privileges", because Schlafly argues the amendment, if passed and ratified, would take away privileges enjoyed by American women, including "dependent wife" benefits under Social Security and exemption from Selective Service registration.
By the time Schlafly began campaigning in 1972, the amendment had already been ratified by 30 of the necessary 38 states. However, Schlafly was successful in organizing a grassroots campaign to oppose further states' ratifications. Five more states ratified ERA after Schlafly launched her opposition campaign, though an additional five state legislatures voted to rescind their ratifications. The last state to ratify was Indiana, where then State Senator Wayne Townsend, a Democrat, cast the tie-breaking vote for ratification in January 1977. In opposing ERA, Schlafly argued that "the ERA would lead to women being drafted by the military and to public unisex bathrooms." Her views were opposed by Pro-ERA groups, led by the National Organization for Women (NOW) and the ERAmerica coalition. The amendment was narrowly defeated, despite having achieved ratification in 35 states.
Supporters of Schlafly argue that some of her claims have been confirmed by later state court rulings. Her arguments against the ERA included her opposition to including women in the military draft. In 1981, a highly publicized lawsuit attempted to end the all-male selective service system, claiming it encouraged gender discrimination. In the absence of the ERA, the Supreme Court held by a 6-3 margin that Congress could register only men for military service. (Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57, 1981). Another case often cited by Schlafly supporters is the Harris v. McRae decision of 1980, in which, by a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court held that Congress could provide funding for childbirth but not for abortion (Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 1980).
Critics of Schlafly have emphasized an apparent contradiction between her advocacy against the ERA and her role as a working professional. Feminist activist Gloria Steinem and author Pia de Solenni, among others, have noted what they consider irony in Schlafly's role as an advocate for the full-time mother and wife, while being herself a lawyer, editor of a monthly newsletter, regular speaker at anti-liberal rallies, and political activist. In her review of Schlafly's Feminist Fantasies, de Solenni writes that "Schlafly's discussion reveals a paradox. She was able to have it all: family and career. And she did it by fighting those who said they were trying to get it all for her... Happiness resulted from being a wife and mother and working with her husband to reach their goals." Schlafly has also been accused of racism, due to her opposition of racial integration in the 1960s and for a contempt of Jewish people.
On August 27, 1974, activist attorney Florynce Kennedy appeared on CBS radio in Miami to promote ratification of the stalled Equal Rights Amendment. During the conversation Kennedy denounced Schlafly as a "pigocrat. . . I just don't see why some people don't hit Phyllis Schlafly in the mouth. I don't think she would be damaged seriously, but I don't think it would hurt if somebody slapped her. We're arguing with people like Schlafly who obviously aren't speaking from a rational perspective. Instead of so much argument, people should slap." Similarly, author Harlan Ellison, another ERA booster, said that if Schlafly walked into the headlights of his car, he would "knock her into the next time zone." Ellison proclaimed Schlafly a "mischievous woman who does terrible things."
To counter Schlafly's Stop ERA campaign and the homemakers against ERA, the organization Homemakers' Equal Rights Association was formed.[citation needed]
According to an article in the March 28, 2007 edition of the Washington Post, "New Drive Afoot to Pass Equal Rights Amendment," Schlafly is working towards the defeat of a new version of the Equal Rights Amendment: "Today, she warns lawmakers that its passage would compel courts to approve same-sex marriages and deny Social Security benefits for housewives and widows."
Recent Activities
Schlafly has been an outspoken critic of activist judges, particularly on the Supreme Court. In 2005, Schlafly made headlines at a conference for the Judeo-Christian Council for Constitutional Restoration by suggesting that "Congress ought to talk about impeachment" of Justice Anthony Kennedy, citing as specific grounds Justice Kennedy's deciding vote to abolish the death penalty for minors.
In late 2006, Schlafly collaborated with Jerome Corsi and Howard Phillips to create a website in opposition to the idea of a "North American Union", under which the United States, Mexico, and Canada would share a currency and be integrated in a structure similar to the European Union.
Viewpoints
Opposition to the UN, WTO, and arms control
As a college student in 1945, Schlafly applauded the establishment of the United Nations. Over the years, however, she has long repudiated the UN. On the 50th anniversary of the group in 1995, Schlafly referred to "a cause for mourning, not celebration. It is a monument to foolish hopes, embarrassing compromises, betrayal of our servicemen, and a steady stream of insults to our nation. It is a Trojan Horse that carries the enemy into our midst and lures Americans to ride under alien insignia to fight and die in faraway lands." Accordingly, she opposed U.S. President Bill Clinton's decision in 1996 to...

]]>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 03:45:23 GMT Solar Powered Flashing LCD Keychain
Cast creation and influences
Full motion video depictions of Laguna (left) and Squall, two of the main protagonists
Scenario writer Kazushige Nojima stresses the dynamic of players' relationships with the main character in Final Fantasy games; thus, he puts significant thought into how that relationship will develop. With Final Fantasy VII, protagonist Cloud Strife's reserved nature led Nojima to include scenarios in which the player can select Cloud's responses to certain situations and dialogue. With Final Fantasy VIII, which also features a reserved lead protagonist in Squall, Nojima wanted to give players actual insight into what the protagonist is thinking, even while other characters remain uninformed. This approach led to the inclusion of numerous instances of internal monologue, giving insight into what Squall thinks of other characters and recent developments.
Character designer Tetsuya Nomura, while exchanging e-mails with director Yoshinori Kitase during the period between the development of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII, suggested that the game should have a "school days" feel. Because Nojima already had a story in mind in which the main characters were the same age, the idea worked. Thus, they created the concept of military academies, called "Gardens", in which students would train to become "SeeD" mercenaries. Nojima also planned for the two playable parties featured in the gamequall's present day group and Laguna Loire's group of twenty years in the pasto highly contrast with one another. Laguna's group consists of characters in their late twenties and have a lot of combat experience. They are also close friends who have fought together for a long time and trust one another. Opposite, Squall's party is young and inexperienced, and Squall himself does not initially understand the value of friendship.
Kitase expressed a desire to give the game a foreign atmosphere ("foreign" being in relation to Japan); his objective with the environment was to create a largely European setting. The first character Nomura designed specifically for use in Final Fantasy VIII was Squall, initially giving him longer hair and a more feminine appearance. However, Yoshinori Kitase did not feel that this design worked and asked Nomura to shorten his hair and make him look more masculine, which led to the design seen in-game. When designing Cloud Strife, Nomura gave him distinctly spiky, bright blonde hair to emphasize his role as that game's protagonist. With Squall, Nomura wanted to try a unique angle to establish his role, giving him the characteristic gunblade scar across the bridge of his nose. A complete history was not yet conceived, so Nomura left the explanation for Squall's scar to Nojima. Squall's design was flourished by a fur lining along the collar of his jacket, included for the purpose of challenging the game's full motion video designers. This is but one example of the demands he has consistently extended to the programmers of the Final Fantasy series as technology has advanced , charm key chain .
In a Famitsu Weekly interview with Kitase, Nomura, and Yuusuke Naoi, the team agreed that Final Fantasy VIII reflects Nomura's preferred technique, as opposed to Final Fantasy VII, which featured characters that "weren't really his style". The team also decided to use realistically proportioned characters. The higher level of full motion video technology would have otherwise created an inconsistency between the in-game graphics and the higher definition full motion video graphics. Additionally, Kitase explained that the main logo of the gamequall and Rinoa embracingas inspired by the team's efforts to express emotion through body language , bmw keychain .
Playable character , mini camera keychain .
Squall
Main article: Squall Leonhart
Squall Leonhart (, Sukru Reonhto?) is the primary protagonist and a young student at Balamb Garden, identifiable by the scar on his face that a fellow student, Seifer, inflicted. He rarely speaks and has the reputation of being a lone wolf. As Squall's story unfolds, he becomes fascinated with and falls in love with Rinoa, despite never outwardly expressing such until the ending. Squall is characterized by forlorn memories of standing out in the rain at the orphanage where he grew up, wondering where "Sis" went. Squall's weapon is a gunblade, a sword that uses components of a revolver to send vibrations through the blade when triggered. His Limit Break is a series of sword strikes called Renzokuken.
Rinoa
Rinoa Heartilly (, Rinoa Htir?) is the primary female protagonist. She is the seventeen-year-old daughter of General Caraway, a high-ranking officer in the Galbadian army, and Julia Heartilly, a successful pianist and singer. Rinoa is a member of the Forest Owls, a resistance faction seeking to liberate the small nation of Timber from Galbadian occupation. When the party helps the resistance movement fight Galbadia, Rinoa decides to stay with them. She falls in love with Squall, despite never physically displaying so until the final cutscene. In battle, she uses a weapon called a "Blaster Edge", which consists of an arm holster and a projectile that returns like a boomerang. In her Combine Limit Break, she attacks in unison with her dog, Angelo. When Rinoa gains Sorceress powers, she acquires a second Limit Break, Angel Wing, which increases her spell-casting ability.
When designing Rinoa, Tetsuya Nomura emphasized that he tried to avoid letting the possibilities presented by the recent advancements in full motion video technology become the entire focus, believing that these innovations might tempt developers to make their female characters "too beautiful" and focus more on physical appearance than personality. With this concern in mind, Nomura set out with the intention to avoid making Rinoa gorgeous, and to simply make her "cute" instead. To further emphasise this, he wrote a list of vocabulary traits and physical habits for Rinoa's character that he felt conveyed this idea of "cute, not gorgeous", and sent them to Nojima along with the character's design.
Although Squall and Rinoa clearly develop a relationship, it is never explicit until the final cutscene. IGN criticized this, stating that "considering that the love story is so integral to everything that happensot to mention forming the central image of the box artt's incomprehensible why no one says 'I love you' to anyone, ever". Game Revolution, however, stated "Frankly, you don't even have to play the game to know that love will win out in some way... very 'Hollywood.' But it is the way in which they tell the story that sets it apart from being just some teen-angst drama". In terms of Rinoa herself, when the Game Revolution reviewer cited the wish that the game had voice acting, he specifically mentioned Rinoa, stating "there is something sorely missing when I can't hear Rinoa talk". She is also the subject of numerous fansites, as well as an 8.0 rating on WomenGamers.com.
Laguna
Laguna Loire (, Raguna Rewru?) is a man whose past and relation to the main characters are revealed slowly throughout the game. Most of the sequences involving Laguna appear in the form of "dreams" experienced by the protagonists. Squall always experiences these dreams from Laguna's point of view, although he does not think too highly of Laguna. Laguna attacks with a machine gun and his Limit Break, Desperado, which involves a swinging rope, a grenade, and a lot of bullets. During the dream segments, he is a twenty-seven-year-old soldier in the Galbadian army who travels with his companions, Kiros Seagill and Ward Zabac. He is also an aspiring journalist whose real weapon of choice is writing.
During the first two dream segments, he and his team are shown getting lost and visiting the hotel where singer Julia Heartilly, Laguna's romantic interest, performs. After a scouting mission at Centra, the three soldiers are separated and Laguna is injured. A young woman named Raine takes him to Winhill where he is nursed back to health. He falls in love with and marries her. However, he is drawn away from his new home when a young girl in their care, Ellone, is kidnapped. Laguna tracks her down in Esthar, where he helps liberate the nation from the despotic rule of Sorceress Adel. The people of Esthar elect Laguna as their president and Ellone is sent back to Winhill without him. After Raine dies, her child (whom Ward and Kiros imply to be Squall in a conversation aboard the Ragnarok) and Ellone are sent to an orphanage. Laguna is unable to leave his post to visit her and remains president of Esthar to present day. Ellone and Laguna are reunited in space, and Laguna helps the party prepare for their fight against Ultimecia.
The concept of two main characters was planned since the beginning of the game's development. Nomura tried to create a contrast between Laguna's and Squall's occupations; thus, Laguna became a soldier and Squall became a mercenary student. The designers intended Laguna to be more similar to the previous protagonists in the series to complement Squall, who is different from previous main characters. He is ranked seventh in Electronic Gaming Monthly's list of the top ten video game politicians.
Seifer
Seifer Almasy (, Saif Arumash?) is a classmate and rival of Squall, who can only be controlled by the player during the Dollet sequence. He reappears as a boss later in the game. He acts as a foil to Squall in many respects, having dated Rinoa before she met Squall, and assuming a leadership position among his friends. Like Squall, Seifer wields a gunblade which he calls "Hyperion". His Limit Break, Fire Cross, allows him to use an...

]]>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 02:51:26 GMT Mobile Phone Solar Battery Charger
Types of battery chargers
Simple
A simple charger works by supplying a constant DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality. Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current to the battery.
Trickle
Main article: trickle chargin , ac travel charger .
A trickle charger is a kind of simple charger that charges the battery slowly, at the self-discharge rate. A trickle charger is the slowest kind of battery charger. A battery can be left in a trickle charger indefinitely. Leaving a battery in a trickle charger keeps the battery "topped up" but never over-charges , laptop car battery charger .
Timer-base , lead acid battery charger .
The output of a timer charger is terminated after a pre-determined time. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s for example (low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd cells were typically charged with a simple charger).
Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time was set to suit those batteries. If batteries of lower capacity were charged then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of higher capacity were charged they would be only partly charged. With the trend for battery technology to increase capacity year on year, an old timer charger would only partly charge the newer batteries.
Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged, even if those batteries were of the correct capacity for the particular timed charger, would result in over-charging.
Intelligent
Output current depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature and/or time under charge to determine the optimum charge current at that instant. Charging is terminated when a combination of the voltage, temperature and/or time indicates that the battery is fully charged.
For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a V, or "delta-V," charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.
The problem is, the magnitude of "delta-V" can become very small or even non-existent if (very) high capacity rechargeable batteries are recharged. This can cause even an intelligent battery charger to not sense that the batteries are actually already fully charged, and continue charging. Overcharging of the batteries will result in some cases. However, many so called intelligent chargers employ a combination of cut off systems, which should prevent overcharging in the vast majority of cases.
A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.
Fast
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry in the batteries being charged to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging the cells' elements. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the cells under control. Most are also capable of acting as a standard overnight charger if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry. Some fast chargers, such as those made by Energizer, can fast-charge any NiMH battery even if it does not have the control circuit.
Pulse
Some chargers use pulse technology in which a pulse is fed to the battery. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled rise time, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries. With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages can be applied without overheating the battery. In a Lead-acid battery, this breaks down stubborn lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life.
Several kinds of pulse charging are patented. Others are open source hardware.
Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle charging to maintain the charge.
Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. Such chargers don't work any better than pulse chargers that only use positive pulses.
Inductive
Main article: Inductive charging
Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge batteries. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. It is commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of electrocution.
USB-based
Pay-per-charge kiosk, illustrating the variety of mobile phone charger connectors.
Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides for a five-volt power supply, it's possible to use a USB cable as a power source for recharging batteries. Products based on this approach include chargers for cellular phones and portable digital audio players.
Solar chargers
Further information: Solar charger and energy harvesting
Solar chargers employ solar energy. They are generally portable.
Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only. Portable wind turbines are also sold. Some, including the Kinesis K3, can work either way.
Charge rate
This is often denoted as C and signifies a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of a battery divided by 1 hour. For example C for a 1600 mAh battery would be 1600 mA (or 1.6 amps).
Applications
Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage output. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering may be identified as battery eliminators.
Mobile phone charger
Micro USB mobile phone charger
Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. Mobile phones can usually accept relatively wide range of voltages[citation needed], as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded.
Battery chargers for mobile phones and other devices are notable in that they come in a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufactuers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.
Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being incorporated into some of the latest designs of charging kiosks.
The Ionhub charger can simultaneously charge several electronic devices: iPod Nano, Razr, Nintendo DS Lite, BlackBerry, portable DVD player, and electric shaver.
There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. There are also solar chargers.
China and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard.
Starting in 2010, Apple, Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and RIM will begin making handsets with a standard phone charger based on the micro-USB connector.
Battery charger for vehicles
Further information: Charging station
There are two main types of charges for vehicles:
To recharge a fuel vehicle's starter battery, where a modular charger is used.
To recharge an electric vehicle (EV) battery pack.
Battery electric vehicle
These vehicles include a battery pack, so generally use series charger.
A 10 Ampere-hour battery could take 15 hours to reach a fully charged state from a fully discharged condition with a 1 Ampere charger as it would require roughly 1.5 times the battery's capacity.
Public EV charging heads (aka: stations) provide 6kW (host power of 208 to 240 VAC off a 40 amp circuit). 6kW will recharge an EV roughly 6 times faster than 1kW overnight charging.
Rapid charging results in even faster recharge times and is only limited by available AC power and the type of charging system .
On board EV chargers (change AC power to DC power to recharge the EV's pack) can be:
Isolated: they make no physical connection between the A/C electrical mains and the batteries...

]]>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 02:51:23 GMT USB MP3 Charger
Methods
Shattered glass marks the spot where a parked vehicle was stolen
Some methods used to steal motor vehicles are as follows:
Theft of an unattended vehicle without key(s): The removal of a parked vehicle either by breaking and entry, followed by hotwiring or other tampering methods to start the vehicle, or else towing.
Theft with access to keys: Known in some places as "Taken Without Owner's Consent (TWOC)". The unauthorized use of a vehicle in which the owner has allowed the driver to have possession of or easy access to the keys. Often, this is the adolescent or grown child or employee of the vehicle's owner, who, at other times, may be authorized to use the vehicle. May be treated differently, depending on the jurisdiction's laws, and in some cases, the owner may choose not to press charges , car phone charger .
Opportunistic theft: The removal of a vehicle that the owner or operator has left unattended with the keys visibly present, sometimes idlin , 9v battery charger .
Carjacking: Refers to the taking of a vehicle by force or threat of force from its owner or operator. In most places, this is the most serious form of theft, since assault also occurs. In some carjackings, the operators and passengers are forced from the vehicle while the thief drives it away him/herself, while in other incidents, the operator and/or passenger(s) are forced to remain in the vehicle as hostages. Some less common carjackings result in the operator being forced to drive the assailant in accordance with the assailant's demands. This method is most often used when the assailant does not know how to operate the vehicle of choice (e.g. a helicopter or airliner). In the United States, carjacking is a federal offense, subject to 15 years imprisonment , computer battery charger .
Fraudulent theft: Illegal acquisition of a vehicle from a seller through fraudulent transfer of funds that the seller will ultimately not receive (such as by identity theft or the use of a counterfeit cashier's check). Many vehicles stolen in this manner are resold quickly thereafter.
Common Tools Used
Slide Hammer Puller to break into the door locks and the cylinder lock.
Multimeters or a test light to find the source of the battery
Spare wires and/or a screwdriver to connect the battery source to the ignition and starter wires
A generic rod and hook toolkit to slip between your car window and car frame and to open the lock behind the window. A common one is called the "Slim Jim".
Many keyless ignition/lock cars have weak or no[citation needed] cryptographic protection of the unlock signal. Using a RFID microreader and a laptop, university students have managed to remotely unlock, start, and drive away in top-of-the-line luxury cars, not without returning the cars to their rightful owners of course and with their consent to "steal" it in the first place.[citation needed]
Vehicles most frequently stolen
The makes and models of vehicles most frequently stolen vary by several factors, including region and ease of theft.
In a 2008 report, in the United States, the most frequently stolen vehicles include the Cadillac Escalade, Ford F-250 SuperCrew, Dodge Charger, Hummer H2, Dodge Magnum, Honda S2000 convertible, and the Dodge Durango.. In Thailand, the most frequently stolen vehicles are Toyota cars, Isuzu pickup trucks, Honda cars, and Honda motorcycles (2007 data).
Prevention
There are various methods of prevention to reduce the likelihood of a vehicle getting stolen. These include physical barriers, which make the effort of stealing the vehicle more difficult. Some of these include:
Devices used to lock a part of the vehicle necessary in its operation, such as the steering wheel or brake pedal. A popular steering wheel lock is The Club.
Immobilisers, allowing the vehicle to start only if a key containing the correct chip is present in the ignition.
Chances of theft can also be reduced with various deterrents, which give the impression to the thief that s/he is more likely to get caught if the vehicle is stolen. These include:
Car alarm systems that are triggered if a breaking and entry into the vehicle occurs
microdot identification tags which allow individual parts of a vehicle to be identified
Killswitch circuits are designed to frustrate or slow down the efforts of a determined car thief. Killswitches are often located between crucial parts of the starting system, between the battery source and the coil, or the fuel pump. A car cannot start without first flipping these killswitches to closed position. Smart car owners hide these killswitches in obscured areas, under the dashboard, beneath the seat, behind a chair, etc.
Signage on windows warning of the presence of other deterrents, sometimes in absence of the actual deterrants.
VIN etching
Recovery of stolen vehicles
Recovery rates for stolen vehicles vary, depending on the effort a jurisdiction's police department puts into recovery, and devices a vehicle has installed to assist in the process.
Police departments use various methods of recovering stolen vehicles, such as random checks of vehicles that come in front of a patrol unit, checks of all vehicles parked along a street or within a parking lot, or keeping a watchlist of all the vehicles reported stolen by their owners. Police departments also receive tips on the location of stolen vehicles through StolenCar.com or TWOC.co.uk in the UK, Taken WithOut Consent?
Vehicle tracking systems, such as LoJack or Automatic vehicle location, may enable the location of the vehicle to be tracked by local law enforcement or a private company. Other security devices such as DotGuard microdots allow individual parts of a vehicle to also be identified and potentially returned.
See also
Vehicle Theft Protection Program
National Insurance Crime Bureau
External links
Auto theft information and statistics
List of theft prevention devices
Taken WithOut Consent? UK FREE database of stolen vehicles
References
^ FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
^ How To Steal Cars A Practical Attack on KeeLoq, presented at Eurocrypt 2008
^ America Most Stolen Cars, www.AutoInsuranceTips.com
^ 2 (-) - document from Deves Insurance (Thailand) (Thai)
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Categories: Car theft | CrimesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009

]]>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 02:51:21 GMT Waterproof Building Materials
Benefits of cool roofs
Most of the roofs in the world (including over 90% of the roofs in the United States) are dark-colored. In the heat of the full sun, the surface of a black roof can increase in temperature as much as 50C (90F), reaching temperatures of 66 to 88C (150-190F). This heat increase can contribute to:
Increased cooling energy use and higher utility bills;
Higher peak electricity demand(the maximum energy load, in megawatts, an electric utility experiences to supply customers instantaneously, generally experienced in summer late afternoons as businesses and residences turn up their air conditioners), raised electricity production costs, and a potentially overburdened power grid;
Reduced indoor comfort , plastic corrugated roofing .
Increased air pollution due to the intensification of the "heat island effect"; an , concrete roofing .
Accelerated deterioration of roofing materials, increased roof maintenance costs, and high levels of roofing waste sent to landfills , wool waterproof .
A large commercial, industrial or multifamily residential building with a dark colored roof will consume more energy for air conditioning than a ooler building a strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid. Cool roofs offer both immediate and long-term savings in building energy costs. White reflective membranes, coated roofs and planted or green roofs can:
Reduce building heat-gain, as a white reflective roof typically increases only 5-14C (1025F) above ambient temperature during the day
Create savings on summertime air conditioning expenditures.
Enhance the life expectancy of both the roof membrane and the building cooling equipment
Improve thermal efficiency of the roof insulation; this is because as temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of the roof insulation also increases
Reduce the demand for electric power by as much as 10 percent
Reduce resulting air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Provide energy savings, even in northern climates
Energy calculators
Calculating cost savings resulting from the use of cool roofs can be done using several tools developed by federal agencies.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Cool Roof Calculator
This tool developed by DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory estimates cooling and heating savings for low slope roof applications with non-black surfaces.
ENERGY STAR Roofing Comparison Calculator
This tool developed by the U.S. EPA calculates the net savings accruing from installing an ENERGY STAR labeled roof product on an air conditioned building. In addition to cooling savings, the program considers any resulting differences in heating costs.
Cool roofs in cool climates
No matter where cool roofs are installed, they cut down on the urban heat island effect, and usually lower a building carbon footprint. Even in climates where there are more heating days than cooling days, white reflective roofs may be a worthwhile investment for many reasons. The cooling benefits of a highly reflective roof surface far outweigh the potential winter month heating benefits of a less reflective, or black, roof surface. Energy calculators generally show a yearly net savings. This is true because the sun is lower to the horizon in winter and not hitting the roof as directly or as intensely as it would in summer, it shines fewer hours and there are more cloudy days, and snow cover reflects the sun energy. Another reason: because cool roofs cut peak use during the summer when rates are the highest, they can help reduce the demand charge that a building pays all year on the basis of its greatest energy use.
Additionally, higher R values for insulating materials required by many sustainable design guidelines negate the incidental heat gain during winter months resulting from the use of dark roof materials. Snow on roofs also provides insulation; for a medium density of snow the resistance per 25 mm is about 0.110 (m2-C)/W, 300 mm of snow cover can provide an equivalent of 50 mm of good insulating material. Cool roofs contribute to the retention of snow on roofs in moderate snow fall areas; thereby improving insulation factor of the assembly to a greater extent than the benefit of solar gain during winter months. There can be a 26C differential in membrane temperature between areas having 300 mm of snow cover compared to areas having no snow.
Research and practical experience with the degradation of roofing membranes over a number of years have shown that heat from the sun is one of the most potent factors that affects durability. High temperatures and large variations; seasonally or daily, at the roofing level are detrimental to the longevity of roof membranes. Reducing the extremes of temperature change will reduce the incidence of damage to membrane systems. Covering membranes with materials that reflect ultraviolet and infrared information will reduce damage caused by u/v and heat degradation. White surfaces reflect more than half of the radiation that reaches them, while black surfaces absorb almost all. White or white coated roofing membranes, or white gravel cover would appear to be the best approach to control these problems where membranes must be left exposed to solar radiation.
There are some studies that have shown that reflective roofs are not always best in cool climates. Benchmark Inc. did a study in five different cities and used the energy star calculator and the DOE calculator to find the annual savings. Because the DOE calculator includes differences in heating losses, there were significant differences between the savings in all of the cities. However, in Chicago, the annual savings became slightly negative in one of the models because of heating costs. The following graph shows the results:
Miller-McCune published a blog article by Robert Reale expressing an opinion that areas where heating is more of a concern than cooling would not benefit, and so cool roofs are only appropriate in climate zones 1-3. No detailed analysis or case studies were provided to support this opinion. An article in ecobroker.com also does not recommend reflective roofs in cooler climates. This site is designed to aid real estate agents in finding their clients green homes.
Reflective roofs are not always the best option in cooler climates. Green roofs are a very good alternative for those in cooler climates interested in retrofitting their home. Because they insulate a building instead of simply reflecting the Sun energy, green roofs will reduce both heating and cooling costs.
Types of cool roofs
Cool roofs for commercial and industrial buildings fall into one of three categories: roofs made from inherently cool roofing materials, roofs made of materials that have been coated, or green planted roofs.
Inherently cool roofs
White vinyl roofs, which are inherently reflective, achieve some of the highest reflectance and emittance measurements of which roofing materials are capable. A roof made of thermoplastic white vinyl, for example, can reflect 80 percent or more of the sun rays and emit at least 70% of the solar radiation that the building absorbs. An asphalt roof only reflects between 6 and 26% of solar radiation, resulting in greater heat transfer to the building interior and greater demand for air conditioning a strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid.
Coated roofs
To make a roof reflective, present technology is best obtained with white paint, but U.S. ENERGY STAR awards may soon be available for "cool colors" in addition to white painted roofs. Cool roof coatings function across a broader spectrum of solar radiation than white paint. Highly emissive and reflective cool roof painting systems are available in Australia for a material cost, epoxy primer and highbuild coolroof, so this alternative solution should not be ignored in tropical northern Australia.
The recent boom in "green" construction products has led to several new cool roof coatings and systems. Two such coatings are a white paint based products called, "Hyperglass Rubber Roof Coating" and "Hyperglass Rubber Roof Finishing Top Coat", both products were created by noted, retired inventor Col.Ronald Savin and are marketed by Hyperseal, Inc.
The innovation of these cool roof coatings is the addition of a substantial amount of "hollow glass microspheres" to the formulation. The addition of glass to paint is not new and has been known to increase its insulating and reflective properties as well as its scrubability. It has previously been marketed separately as an additive to normal white paint . Hyperglass is the first coating on the market to claim the glass will stay in solution, rather than traditional methods of adding glass which require immediate application and constant stirring to keep the glass from separating out of the paint Insuladd. This formulation is patented and has been nominated for a "2008 Precision Craft Green Log Home and Lifestyle" award.
Green roofs
A green roof typically consist of an insulation layer; a waterproof membrane; a drainage layer, usually made of lightweight gravel, clay, or plastic; a geotextile or filter mat that allows water to soak through but prevents erosion of fine soil particles; a growing medium; plants; and, sometimes, a wind blanket. Green roofs are classified as either intensive or extensive; some green roof designs incorporate both intensive and extensive elements.
Intensive green roofs require at least one foot of soil and appear as a traditional garden with trees, shrubs and other attractive landscapes. They are...

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