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Solar Powered Flashing LCD Keychain
Cast creation and influences
Full motion video depictions of Laguna (left) and Squall, two of the main protagonists
Scenario writer Kazushige Nojima stresses the dynamic of players' relationships with the main character in Final Fantasy games; thus, he puts significant thought into how that relationship will develop. With Final Fantasy VII, protagonist Cloud Strife's reserved nature led Nojima to include scenarios in which the player can select Cloud's responses to certain situations and dialogue. With Final Fantasy VIII, which also features a reserved lead protagonist in Squall, Nojima wanted to give players actual insight into what the protagonist is thinking, even while other characters remain uninformed. This approach led to the inclusion of numerous instances of internal monologue, giving insight into what Squall thinks of other characters and recent developments.
Character designer Tetsuya Nomura, while exchanging e-mails with director Yoshinori Kitase during the period between the development of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII, suggested that the game should have a "school days" feel. Because Nojima already had a story in mind in which the main characters were the same age, the idea worked. Thus, they created the concept of military academies, called "Gardens", in which students would train to become "SeeD" mercenaries. Nojima also planned for the two playable parties featured in the gamequall's present day group and Laguna Loire's group of twenty years in the pasto highly contrast with one another. Laguna's group consists of characters in their late twenties and have a lot of combat experience. They are also close friends who have fought together for a long time and trust one another. Opposite, Squall's party is young and inexperienced, and Squall himself does not initially understand the value of friendship.
Kitase expressed a desire to give the game a foreign atmosphere ("foreign" being in relation to Japan); his objective with the environment was to create a largely European setting. The first character Nomura designed specifically for use in Final Fantasy VIII was Squall, initially giving him longer hair and a more feminine appearance. However, Yoshinori Kitase did not feel that this design worked and asked Nomura to shorten his hair and make him look more masculine, which led to the design seen in-game. When designing Cloud Strife, Nomura gave him distinctly spiky, bright blonde hair to emphasize his role as that game's protagonist. With Squall, Nomura wanted to try a unique angle to establish his role, giving him the characteristic gunblade scar across the bridge of his nose. A complete history was not yet conceived, so Nomura left the explanation for Squall's scar to Nojima. Squall's design was flourished by a fur lining along the collar of his jacket, included for the purpose of challenging the game's full motion video designers. This is but one example of the demands he has consistently extended to the programmers of the Final Fantasy series as technology has advanced , charm key chain .
In a Famitsu Weekly interview with Kitase, Nomura, and Yuusuke Naoi, the team agreed that Final Fantasy VIII reflects Nomura's preferred technique, as opposed to Final Fantasy VII, which featured characters that "weren't really his style". The team also decided to use realistically proportioned characters. The higher level of full motion video technology would have otherwise created an inconsistency between the in-game graphics and the higher definition full motion video graphics. Additionally, Kitase explained that the main logo of the gamequall and Rinoa embracingas inspired by the team's efforts to express emotion through body language , bmw keychain .
Playable character , mini camera keychain .
Squall
Main article: Squall Leonhart
Squall Leonhart (, Sukru Reonhto?) is the primary protagonist and a young student at Balamb Garden, identifiable by the scar on his face that a fellow student, Seifer, inflicted. He rarely speaks and has the reputation of being a lone wolf. As Squall's story unfolds, he becomes fascinated with and falls in love with Rinoa, despite never outwardly expressing such until the ending. Squall is characterized by forlorn memories of standing out in the rain at the orphanage where he grew up, wondering where "Sis" went. Squall's weapon is a gunblade, a sword that uses components of a revolver to send vibrations through the blade when triggered. His Limit Break is a series of sword strikes called Renzokuken.
Rinoa
Rinoa Heartilly (, Rinoa Htir?) is the primary female protagonist. She is the seventeen-year-old daughter of General Caraway, a high-ranking officer in the Galbadian army, and Julia Heartilly, a successful pianist and singer. Rinoa is a member of the Forest Owls, a resistance faction seeking to liberate the small nation of Timber from Galbadian occupation. When the party helps the resistance movement fight Galbadia, Rinoa decides to stay with them. She falls in love with Squall, despite never physically displaying so until the final cutscene. In battle, she uses a weapon called a "Blaster Edge", which consists of an arm holster and a projectile that returns like a boomerang. In her Combine Limit Break, she attacks in unison with her dog, Angelo. When Rinoa gains Sorceress powers, she acquires a second Limit Break, Angel Wing, which increases her spell-casting ability.
When designing Rinoa, Tetsuya Nomura emphasized that he tried to avoid letting the possibilities presented by the recent advancements in full motion video technology become the entire focus, believing that these innovations might tempt developers to make their female characters "too beautiful" and focus more on physical appearance than personality. With this concern in mind, Nomura set out with the intention to avoid making Rinoa gorgeous, and to simply make her "cute" instead. To further emphasise this, he wrote a list of vocabulary traits and physical habits for Rinoa's character that he felt conveyed this idea of "cute, not gorgeous", and sent them to Nojima along with the character's design.
Although Squall and Rinoa clearly develop a relationship, it is never explicit until the final cutscene. IGN criticized this, stating that "considering that the love story is so integral to everything that happensot to mention forming the central image of the box artt's incomprehensible why no one says 'I love you' to anyone, ever". Game Revolution, however, stated "Frankly, you don't even have to play the game to know that love will win out in some way... very 'Hollywood.' But it is the way in which they tell the story that sets it apart from being just some teen-angst drama". In terms of Rinoa herself, when the Game Revolution reviewer cited the wish that the game had voice acting, he specifically mentioned Rinoa, stating "there is something sorely missing when I can't hear Rinoa talk". She is also the subject of numerous fansites, as well as an 8.0 rating on WomenGamers.com.
Laguna
Laguna Loire (, Raguna Rewru?) is a man whose past and relation to the main characters are revealed slowly throughout the game. Most of the sequences involving Laguna appear in the form of "dreams" experienced by the protagonists. Squall always experiences these dreams from Laguna's point of view, although he does not think too highly of Laguna. Laguna attacks with a machine gun and his Limit Break, Desperado, which involves a swinging rope, a grenade, and a lot of bullets. During the dream segments, he is a twenty-seven-year-old soldier in the Galbadian army who travels with his companions, Kiros Seagill and Ward Zabac. He is also an aspiring journalist whose real weapon of choice is writing.
During the first two dream segments, he and his team are shown getting lost and visiting the hotel where singer Julia Heartilly, Laguna's romantic interest, performs. After a scouting mission at Centra, the three soldiers are separated and Laguna is injured. A young woman named Raine takes him to Winhill where he is nursed back to health. He falls in love with and marries her. However, he is drawn away from his new home when a young girl in their care, Ellone, is kidnapped. Laguna tracks her down in Esthar, where he helps liberate the nation from the despotic rule of Sorceress Adel. The people of Esthar elect Laguna as their president and Ellone is sent back to Winhill without him. After Raine dies, her child (whom Ward and Kiros imply to be Squall in a conversation aboard the Ragnarok) and Ellone are sent to an orphanage. Laguna is unable to leave his post to visit her and remains president of Esthar to present day. Ellone and Laguna are reunited in space, and Laguna helps the party prepare for their fight against Ultimecia.
The concept of two main characters was planned since the beginning of the game's development. Nomura tried to create a contrast between Laguna's and Squall's occupations; thus, Laguna became a soldier and Squall became a mercenary student. The designers intended Laguna to be more similar to the previous protagonists in the series to complement Squall, who is different from previous main characters. He is ranked seventh in Electronic Gaming Monthly's list of the top ten video game politicians.
Seifer
Seifer Almasy (, Saif Arumash?) is a classmate and rival of Squall, who can only be controlled by the player during the Dollet sequence. He reappears as a boss later in the game. He acts as a foil to Squall in many respects, having dated Rinoa before she met Squall, and assuming a leadership position among his friends. Like Squall, Seifer wields a gunblade which he calls "Hyperion". His Limit Break, Fire Cross, allows him to use an...

Mobile Phone Solar Battery Charger
Types of battery chargers
Simple
A simple charger works by supplying a constant DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there is a tradeoff in quality. Typically, a simple charger takes longer to charge a battery to prevent severe over-charging. Even so, a battery left in a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current to the battery.
Trickle
Main article: trickle chargin , ac travel charger .
A trickle charger is a kind of simple charger that charges the battery slowly, at the self-discharge rate. A trickle charger is the slowest kind of battery charger. A battery can be left in a trickle charger indefinitely. Leaving a battery in a trickle charger keeps the battery "topped up" but never over-charges , laptop car battery charger .
Timer-base , lead acid battery charger .
The output of a timer charger is terminated after a pre-determined time. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity Ni-Cd cells in the late 1990s for example (low-capacity consumer Ni-Cd cells were typically charged with a simple charger).
Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time was set to suit those batteries. If batteries of lower capacity were charged then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of higher capacity were charged they would be only partly charged. With the trend for battery technology to increase capacity year on year, an old timer charger would only partly charge the newer batteries.
Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged, even if those batteries were of the correct capacity for the particular timed charger, would result in over-charging.
Intelligent
Output current depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature and/or time under charge to determine the optimum charge current at that instant. Charging is terminated when a combination of the voltage, temperature and/or time indicates that the battery is fully charged.
For Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage across the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a V, or "delta-V," charger, indicating that they monitor the voltage change.
The problem is, the magnitude of "delta-V" can become very small or even non-existent if (very) high capacity rechargeable batteries are recharged. This can cause even an intelligent battery charger to not sense that the batteries are actually already fully charged, and continue charging. Overcharging of the batteries will result in some cases. However, many so called intelligent chargers employ a combination of cut off systems, which should prevent overcharging in the vast majority of cases.
A typical intelligent charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.
Fast
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry in the batteries being charged to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging the cells' elements. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the cells under control. Most are also capable of acting as a standard overnight charger if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special control circuitry. Some fast chargers, such as those made by Energizer, can fast-charge any NiMH battery even if it does not have the control circuit.
Pulse
Some chargers use pulse technology in which a pulse is fed to the battery. This DC pulse has a strictly controlled rise time, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology is said to work with any size, voltage, capacity or chemistry of batteries, including automotive and valve-regulated batteries. With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages can be applied without overheating the battery. In a Lead-acid battery, this breaks down stubborn lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life.
Several kinds of pulse charging are patented. Others are open source hardware.
Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charging, then use pulse charging as a kind of trickle charging to maintain the charge.
Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". Such chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. Such chargers don't work any better than pulse chargers that only use positive pulses.
Inductive
Main article: Inductive charging
Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge batteries. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. It is commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of electrocution.
USB-based
Pay-per-charge kiosk, illustrating the variety of mobile phone charger connectors.
Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides for a five-volt power supply, it's possible to use a USB cable as a power source for recharging batteries. Products based on this approach include chargers for cellular phones and portable digital audio players.
Solar chargers
Further information: Solar charger and energy harvesting
Solar chargers employ solar energy. They are generally portable.
Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only. Portable wind turbines are also sold. Some, including the Kinesis K3, can work either way.
Charge rate
This is often denoted as C and signifies a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of a battery divided by 1 hour. For example C for a 1600 mAh battery would be 1600 mA (or 1.6 amps).
Applications
Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage output. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering may be identified as battery eliminators.
Mobile phone charger
Micro USB mobile phone charger
Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. Mobile phones can usually accept relatively wide range of voltages[citation needed], as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded.
Battery chargers for mobile phones and other devices are notable in that they come in a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufactuers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.
Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being incorporated into some of the latest designs of charging kiosks.
The Ionhub charger can simultaneously charge several electronic devices: iPod Nano, Razr, Nintendo DS Lite, BlackBerry, portable DVD player, and electric shaver.
There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. There are also solar chargers.
China and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the USB standard.
Starting in 2010, Apple, Nokia, Motorola, Samsung and RIM will begin making handsets with a standard phone charger based on the micro-USB connector.
Battery charger for vehicles
Further information: Charging station
There are two main types of charges for vehicles:
To recharge a fuel vehicle's starter battery, where a modular charger is used.
To recharge an electric vehicle (EV) battery pack.
Battery electric vehicle
These vehicles include a battery pack, so generally use series charger.
A 10 Ampere-hour battery could take 15 hours to reach a fully charged state from a fully discharged condition with a 1 Ampere charger as it would require roughly 1.5 times the battery's capacity.
Public EV charging heads (aka: stations) provide 6kW (host power of 208 to 240 VAC off a 40 amp circuit). 6kW will recharge an EV roughly 6 times faster than 1kW overnight charging.
Rapid charging results in even faster recharge times and is only limited by available AC power and the type of charging system .
On board EV chargers (change AC power to DC power to recharge the EV's pack) can be:
Isolated: they make no physical connection between the A/C electrical mains and the batteries...

USB MP3 Charger
Methods
Shattered glass marks the spot where a parked vehicle was stolen
Some methods used to steal motor vehicles are as follows:
Theft of an unattended vehicle without key(s): The removal of a parked vehicle either by breaking and entry, followed by hotwiring or other tampering methods to start the vehicle, or else towing.
Theft with access to keys: Known in some places as "Taken Without Owner's Consent (TWOC)". The unauthorized use of a vehicle in which the owner has allowed the driver to have possession of or easy access to the keys. Often, this is the adolescent or grown child or employee of the vehicle's owner, who, at other times, may be authorized to use the vehicle. May be treated differently, depending on the jurisdiction's laws, and in some cases, the owner may choose not to press charges , car phone charger .
Opportunistic theft: The removal of a vehicle that the owner or operator has left unattended with the keys visibly present, sometimes idlin , 9v battery charger .
Carjacking: Refers to the taking of a vehicle by force or threat of force from its owner or operator. In most places, this is the most serious form of theft, since assault also occurs. In some carjackings, the operators and passengers are forced from the vehicle while the thief drives it away him/herself, while in other incidents, the operator and/or passenger(s) are forced to remain in the vehicle as hostages. Some less common carjackings result in the operator being forced to drive the assailant in accordance with the assailant's demands. This method is most often used when the assailant does not know how to operate the vehicle of choice (e.g. a helicopter or airliner). In the United States, carjacking is a federal offense, subject to 15 years imprisonment , computer battery charger .
Fraudulent theft: Illegal acquisition of a vehicle from a seller through fraudulent transfer of funds that the seller will ultimately not receive (such as by identity theft or the use of a counterfeit cashier's check). Many vehicles stolen in this manner are resold quickly thereafter.
Common Tools Used
Slide Hammer Puller to break into the door locks and the cylinder lock.
Multimeters or a test light to find the source of the battery
Spare wires and/or a screwdriver to connect the battery source to the ignition and starter wires
A generic rod and hook toolkit to slip between your car window and car frame and to open the lock behind the window. A common one is called the "Slim Jim".
Many keyless ignition/lock cars have weak or no[citation needed] cryptographic protection of the unlock signal. Using a RFID microreader and a laptop, university students have managed to remotely unlock, start, and drive away in top-of-the-line luxury cars, not without returning the cars to their rightful owners of course and with their consent to "steal" it in the first place.[citation needed]
Vehicles most frequently stolen
The makes and models of vehicles most frequently stolen vary by several factors, including region and ease of theft.
In a 2008 report, in the United States, the most frequently stolen vehicles include the Cadillac Escalade, Ford F-250 SuperCrew, Dodge Charger, Hummer H2, Dodge Magnum, Honda S2000 convertible, and the Dodge Durango.. In Thailand, the most frequently stolen vehicles are Toyota cars, Isuzu pickup trucks, Honda cars, and Honda motorcycles (2007 data).
Prevention
There are various methods of prevention to reduce the likelihood of a vehicle getting stolen. These include physical barriers, which make the effort of stealing the vehicle more difficult. Some of these include:
Devices used to lock a part of the vehicle necessary in its operation, such as the steering wheel or brake pedal. A popular steering wheel lock is The Club.
Immobilisers, allowing the vehicle to start only if a key containing the correct chip is present in the ignition.
Chances of theft can also be reduced with various deterrents, which give the impression to the thief that s/he is more likely to get caught if the vehicle is stolen. These include:
Car alarm systems that are triggered if a breaking and entry into the vehicle occurs
microdot identification tags which allow individual parts of a vehicle to be identified
Killswitch circuits are designed to frustrate or slow down the efforts of a determined car thief. Killswitches are often located between crucial parts of the starting system, between the battery source and the coil, or the fuel pump. A car cannot start without first flipping these killswitches to closed position. Smart car owners hide these killswitches in obscured areas, under the dashboard, beneath the seat, behind a chair, etc.
Signage on windows warning of the presence of other deterrents, sometimes in absence of the actual deterrants.
VIN etching
Recovery of stolen vehicles
Recovery rates for stolen vehicles vary, depending on the effort a jurisdiction's police department puts into recovery, and devices a vehicle has installed to assist in the process.
Police departments use various methods of recovering stolen vehicles, such as random checks of vehicles that come in front of a patrol unit, checks of all vehicles parked along a street or within a parking lot, or keeping a watchlist of all the vehicles reported stolen by their owners. Police departments also receive tips on the location of stolen vehicles through StolenCar.com or TWOC.co.uk in the UK, Taken WithOut Consent?
Vehicle tracking systems, such as LoJack or Automatic vehicle location, may enable the location of the vehicle to be tracked by local law enforcement or a private company. Other security devices such as DotGuard microdots allow individual parts of a vehicle to also be identified and potentially returned.
See also
Vehicle Theft Protection Program
National Insurance Crime Bureau
External links
Auto theft information and statistics
List of theft prevention devices
Taken WithOut Consent? UK FREE database of stolen vehicles
References
^ FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
^ How To Steal Cars A Practical Attack on KeeLoq, presented at Eurocrypt 2008
^ America Most Stolen Cars, www.AutoInsuranceTips.com
^ 2 (-) - document from Deves Insurance (Thailand) (Thai)
v  d  e
Automotive design
Part of the Automobile series
Body
Framework
Automobile platform  Body-on-frame  Bumper  Cabrio coach  Chassis  Continental tire  Crumple zone  Dagmar bumpers  Decklid  Fender  Fender skirts  Grille  Hood  Hood scoop  Monocoque construction  Overhang  Pillar  Pontoon fenders  Quarter panel  Shaker scoop  Spoiler  Subframe  Tonneau
Compartments
Trunk/Boot/Dickie  Hood/Bonnet
Doors
Butterfly doors  Gull-wing door  Scissor doors  Suicide door  Sliding doors  Canopy door
Glass
Greenhouse  Sunroof  Power window  Quarter glass  Windshield/Windscreen  Windshield/Windscreen wiper
Other
Curb feeler  Bumper sticker  Hood ornament  Japan Black paint  Monsoonshield  Nerf bar  Tire/Tyre  Tow hitch  Truck accessory
Exterior
Equipment
Lighting
Daytime running lamp  Headlamp  Hidden headlamps  High-intensity discharge lamp  Retroreflector  Sealed beam  Trafficators
Legal and other
Vehicle Identification Number  Vehicle registration plate  Vanity plate  Parktronic  Motor vehicle theft  Windshield/Windscreen washer fluid  Wing mirror
Interior
equipment
Instruments
Backup camera  Boost gauge  Buzzer  Carputer  Electronic instrument cluster  Fuel gauge  Global Positioning System and Automotive navigation system  Head-up display  Idiot light  Malfunction Indicator Lamp  Night vision  Odometer  Radar detector  LIDAR detector  Speedometer  Tachometer  Trip computer
Controls
Bowden cable  Cruise control (speed control)  Electronic throttle control  Gear stick  Hand brake  Manettino dial  Steering wheel  Throttle
Theft deterrence
Key  Car alarm  Immobiliser  Klaxon  Automatic vehicle location  VIN etching
Safety & seating
Airbag  Armrest  Automatic seat belt  Bench seat  Bucket seat  Child safety lock  Rumble seat  Seat belt
Other
Air conditioning  Ancillary power  Car audio  Car phone  Center console  Dashboard  Flat tire  Glove compartment  Motorola connector  Power steering  Rear-view mirror  Sun visor
Portal  Category
Categories: Car theft | CrimesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009

Waterproof Building Materials
Benefits of cool roofs
Most of the roofs in the world (including over 90% of the roofs in the United States) are dark-colored. In the heat of the full sun, the surface of a black roof can increase in temperature as much as 50C (90F), reaching temperatures of 66 to 88C (150-190F). This heat increase can contribute to:
Increased cooling energy use and higher utility bills;
Higher peak electricity demand(the maximum energy load, in megawatts, an electric utility experiences to supply customers instantaneously, generally experienced in summer late afternoons as businesses and residences turn up their air conditioners), raised electricity production costs, and a potentially overburdened power grid;
Reduced indoor comfort , plastic corrugated roofing .
Increased air pollution due to the intensification of the "heat island effect"; an , concrete roofing .
Accelerated deterioration of roofing materials, increased roof maintenance costs, and high levels of roofing waste sent to landfills , wool waterproof .
A large commercial, industrial or multifamily residential building with a dark colored roof will consume more energy for air conditioning than a ooler building a strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid. Cool roofs offer both immediate and long-term savings in building energy costs. White reflective membranes, coated roofs and planted or green roofs can:
Reduce building heat-gain, as a white reflective roof typically increases only 5-14C (1025F) above ambient temperature during the day
Create savings on summertime air conditioning expenditures.
Enhance the life expectancy of both the roof membrane and the building cooling equipment
Improve thermal efficiency of the roof insulation; this is because as temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of the roof insulation also increases
Reduce the demand for electric power by as much as 10 percent
Reduce resulting air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Provide energy savings, even in northern climates
Energy calculators
Calculating cost savings resulting from the use of cool roofs can be done using several tools developed by federal agencies.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Cool Roof Calculator
This tool developed by DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory estimates cooling and heating savings for low slope roof applications with non-black surfaces.
ENERGY STAR Roofing Comparison Calculator
This tool developed by the U.S. EPA calculates the net savings accruing from installing an ENERGY STAR labeled roof product on an air conditioned building. In addition to cooling savings, the program considers any resulting differences in heating costs.
Cool roofs in cool climates
No matter where cool roofs are installed, they cut down on the urban heat island effect, and usually lower a building carbon footprint. Even in climates where there are more heating days than cooling days, white reflective roofs may be a worthwhile investment for many reasons. The cooling benefits of a highly reflective roof surface far outweigh the potential winter month heating benefits of a less reflective, or black, roof surface. Energy calculators generally show a yearly net savings. This is true because the sun is lower to the horizon in winter and not hitting the roof as directly or as intensely as it would in summer, it shines fewer hours and there are more cloudy days, and snow cover reflects the sun energy. Another reason: because cool roofs cut peak use during the summer when rates are the highest, they can help reduce the demand charge that a building pays all year on the basis of its greatest energy use.
Additionally, higher R values for insulating materials required by many sustainable design guidelines negate the incidental heat gain during winter months resulting from the use of dark roof materials. Snow on roofs also provides insulation; for a medium density of snow the resistance per 25 mm is about 0.110 (m2-C)/W, 300 mm of snow cover can provide an equivalent of 50 mm of good insulating material. Cool roofs contribute to the retention of snow on roofs in moderate snow fall areas; thereby improving insulation factor of the assembly to a greater extent than the benefit of solar gain during winter months. There can be a 26C differential in membrane temperature between areas having 300 mm of snow cover compared to areas having no snow.
Research and practical experience with the degradation of roofing membranes over a number of years have shown that heat from the sun is one of the most potent factors that affects durability. High temperatures and large variations; seasonally or daily, at the roofing level are detrimental to the longevity of roof membranes. Reducing the extremes of temperature change will reduce the incidence of damage to membrane systems. Covering membranes with materials that reflect ultraviolet and infrared information will reduce damage caused by u/v and heat degradation. White surfaces reflect more than half of the radiation that reaches them, while black surfaces absorb almost all. White or white coated roofing membranes, or white gravel cover would appear to be the best approach to control these problems where membranes must be left exposed to solar radiation.
There are some studies that have shown that reflective roofs are not always best in cool climates. Benchmark Inc. did a study in five different cities and used the energy star calculator and the DOE calculator to find the annual savings. Because the DOE calculator includes differences in heating losses, there were significant differences between the savings in all of the cities. However, in Chicago, the annual savings became slightly negative in one of the models because of heating costs. The following graph shows the results:
Miller-McCune published a blog article by Robert Reale expressing an opinion that areas where heating is more of a concern than cooling would not benefit, and so cool roofs are only appropriate in climate zones 1-3. No detailed analysis or case studies were provided to support this opinion. An article in ecobroker.com also does not recommend reflective roofs in cooler climates. This site is designed to aid real estate agents in finding their clients green homes.
Reflective roofs are not always the best option in cooler climates. Green roofs are a very good alternative for those in cooler climates interested in retrofitting their home. Because they insulate a building instead of simply reflecting the Sun energy, green roofs will reduce both heating and cooling costs.
Types of cool roofs
Cool roofs for commercial and industrial buildings fall into one of three categories: roofs made from inherently cool roofing materials, roofs made of materials that have been coated, or green planted roofs.
Inherently cool roofs
White vinyl roofs, which are inherently reflective, achieve some of the highest reflectance and emittance measurements of which roofing materials are capable. A roof made of thermoplastic white vinyl, for example, can reflect 80 percent or more of the sun rays and emit at least 70% of the solar radiation that the building absorbs. An asphalt roof only reflects between 6 and 26% of solar radiation, resulting in greater heat transfer to the building interior and greater demand for air conditioning a strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid.
Coated roofs
To make a roof reflective, present technology is best obtained with white paint, but U.S. ENERGY STAR awards may soon be available for "cool colors" in addition to white painted roofs. Cool roof coatings function across a broader spectrum of solar radiation than white paint. Highly emissive and reflective cool roof painting systems are available in Australia for a material cost, epoxy primer and highbuild coolroof, so this alternative solution should not be ignored in tropical northern Australia.
The recent boom in "green" construction products has led to several new cool roof coatings and systems. Two such coatings are a white paint based products called, "Hyperglass Rubber Roof Coating" and "Hyperglass Rubber Roof Finishing Top Coat", both products were created by noted, retired inventor Col.Ronald Savin and are marketed by Hyperseal, Inc.
The innovation of these cool roof coatings is the addition of a substantial amount of "hollow glass microspheres" to the formulation. The addition of glass to paint is not new and has been known to increase its insulating and reflective properties as well as its scrubability. It has previously been marketed separately as an additive to normal white paint . Hyperglass is the first coating on the market to claim the glass will stay in solution, rather than traditional methods of adding glass which require immediate application and constant stirring to keep the glass from separating out of the paint Insuladd. This formulation is patented and has been nominated for a "2008 Precision Craft Green Log Home and Lifestyle" award.
Green roofs
A green roof typically consist of an insulation layer; a waterproof membrane; a drainage layer, usually made of lightweight gravel, clay, or plastic; a geotextile or filter mat that allows water to soak through but prevents erosion of fine soil particles; a growing medium; plants; and, sometimes, a wind blanket. Green roofs are classified as either intensive or extensive; some green roof designs incorporate both intensive and extensive elements.
Intensive green roofs require at least one foot of soil and appear as a traditional garden with trees, shrubs and other attractive landscapes. They are...

Glass Mat For Roofing
Sod roof history
Sod roofs on farmhouses in Gudbrandsdal, Norway Photo: Roede
Roofs in Scandinavia have probably been covered with birch bark and sod since prehistory. During the Viking and Middle Ages most houses had sod roofs. Churches and other buildings with steeper roofs were covered with boards, wood shingles, or lead.
In rural areas sod roofs were almost universal until the beginning of the 18th century. Tile roofs, which appeared much earlier in towns and on rural manors, gradually superseded sod roofs except in remote inland areas during the 19th century. Corrugated iron and other industrial materials also became a threat to ancient traditions. But just before extinction, the national romantics proclaimed a revival of vernacular traditions, including sod roofs. A new market was opened by the demand for mountain lodges and holiday homes. At the same time, open air museums and the preservation movement created a reservation for ancient building traditions.
From these reservations, sod roofs have begun to reappear as an alternative to modern materials. The more recent idea of the green roof is developed independently from the traditional sod roof, but could benefit from the experience gathered during hundreds of years in Scandinavia , ceramic membranes .
Birch bar , plastic corrugated roofing .
Birch bark is eminently suitable as a roof covering because it is strong, water-resistant and soil-resistant enough to last for generations, although 30 years was considered the normal lifespan of a sod roof in most places. Birch is common everywhere in Northern Europe, and its bark is easily stripped from the trunk in spring or early summer, while the sap is running. One incision with a knife lengthwise down the trunk between two branches will produce a correspondingly wide sheet, its length equal to the circumference. The outer, flaky (white) bark is pried loose from the inner (green or brown) layer, the phloem. Removing the phloem will cause the tree to die, but removing the outer bark will not harm the tree, although the scar will remain for many years. A new, coarser bark will replace the stripped bark , led flashlight waterproof .
The sheets of bark must be stored flat under pressure to prevent curling. Left alone, a sheet will curl up into a tight roll, in the opposite direction of the natural curve of the trunk.
The bark is laid inside up directly onto the roof boards without any nails or other means of fastening. On roughly hewn or sawn roof boards, the friction alone will hold the layers of birch bark in place. But they have to be weighted down with a heavier material to prevent them from curling or blowing away. Planks of split logs have been used, but sod has an additional advantage because it is an insulator.
Bark sheets were laid from the eaves upward, overlapping like shingles, and straddling the ridge. 6 layers of birch bark were considered adequate, but up to 16 layers have been recorded in roofs of high quality. The first layers project about 8 cm along the eaves, where they will curve down around the edge of the outer board to form a throating. Extra long sheets will straddle the roof ridge.
Sod
Section of a traditional sod roof with a "turf log" held by wooden hooks and an additional "sacrificial" log behind. Drawing by Roede
Section of a Gudbrandsdal type sod roof with elaborate "turf log". Drawing by Roede
Sod or turf for roofing was cut from good pasture land, preferably with sandy soil. A naturally grown grass with a deep root system was desirable. The turf was cut into portable pieces, each about one foot (30 cm) square and about 3 inches (7.5 cm) thick, half the thickness of the finished covering. It was hoisted or carried up on the roof, or on a scaffolding.
Pieces of sod must be laid out immediately after the birch bark, to keep it in place. For this reason, the process of must be carefully coordinated. Two workers will usually cooperate on the same strip of the roof, wide enough to be comfortably within reach. One will lay out the bark, the other will put sod on top.
The first layer of sod was traditionally placed with the grass down, as the wilted grass would protect the bark from acid humus and act as a drain. The grass of the second layer faced upwards to establish a solid surface. Grass roots would eventually permeate the bottom layer to create one solid structure. The finished roof would in time look just like a flower-studded meadow.
A total thickness of about 15 cm is enough to make the sod survive a dry summer. More than 20 cm is superfluous, and the weight would be excessive. If the sod is too shallow, a severe drought will kill the vegetation, causing erosion and soil creep. Most of Scandinavia has enough precipitation to let an established root system survive an occasional dry spell. In very dry areas, it was customary to cultivate certain drought resistant plants - notably Sedum rosaeum, Allium fistolosum and sempervivum tectorum.
Sod support along the eaves and verges
To stay in place the sod must be supported by strong beams along the eaves. These logs or beams (Norwegian: torvvol) come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the quality and status of the building, and on local tradition. An equivalent English term would be turf log.
The most common turf log is an undressed fir log 5 to 6 inches across. Also fairly common are squared timbers of similar size. In some districts planks raised on edge were used. Other traditions called for a more elaborate cross section with the appearance of a fascia, approaching "real" architecture.
The turf log was fastened to the roof boards and underlying rafters with naturally grown wooden hooks, preferably from durable juniper. The hooks were fastened with wooden pegs and covered by additional sheets of birch bark. Turf logs are also known to have been held in place by rafters hewn from logs with one root branch left to form a bracket. This method made for extremely cumbersome maintenance. When the brackets disintegrated, one would have to tear up the whole roof to renew all the rafters. A more refined fastening device was the kolv, an elaborately shaped stick of wood, around 60 cm long, pegged to the roof and extended through a hole in the turf log. Its wider protruding head would hold the log in place.
Erosion at the verges was in some districts prevented by means of similar logs, sometimes joined crosswise at the gable top. More common was a row of rocks gathered from the fields. Verge boards were not a feature of ancient log buildings with sod roofs, but were introduced during the 17th and 18th centuries through influence from urban architecture with tile roofs.
Modern Turf Roofs
In modern turf roof construction bitumen roofing felt combined with dimpled plastic drainage membranes are usually used in place of birch bark. Bitumen roofing felt is nailed to the sarking and a dimpled cavity drainage membrane is laid over the top (dimples face down) to form a drainage layer. The turf is then laid over this drainage layer.
Literature
Berg, Arne: Norske tmmerhus fr mellomalderen. Landbruksforlaget, Oslo 1989, Volume I, pp. 70-73. ISBN 82-529-1300-8
Byggforskserien, Byggdetaljer 544.803. Norges byggforskningsinstitutt, Oslo 1996.
Drange, Tore; Hans Olaf Aanensen og Jon Brnne: Gamle Trehus - Historikk, reparasjon og vedlikehold. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo 1992, p. 93-99. ISBN 82-00-21389-7
Gjone, Erling: Utdrag av forelesninger i Byggekunst V. Arkitektavdelingen NTH, Trondheim c. 1960
Hjelmeland, Britt-Alise: Husbygging langs kyst og fjord 1850-1950. Magistergradsavhandling i etnologi, UiO, Oslo 1993, pp. 100-113, 159.
Melheim, Anders: Um floraen p hustak i Hornindal. Hovedoppgave i botanikk, UiO, Oslo 1933.
Meyer, Johan: Fortids kunst i norske bygder. Kunstindustrimuseet i Oslo, Forum forlag 1987.
Nicolaysen, Nicolay: Kunst og Haandverk fra Norges Fortid, Foreningen til norske Fortidsmindesmrkers Bevaring, Kristiania 1881-1890. 1. Rkke.
Nordhagen, Rolf: Taklauk og fjellkaur. In: Olsen, Magnus (Ed.) Maal og minne - norske studier. Bymaals-lagets forlag, Oslo 1934, pp. 101-127.
Paulsrud, Geir: Fjos i Fron fr omkring 1750 og fram til 1980-ra. Magistergradsavhandling i etnologi, UiO, Oslo 1984, p. 112.
Uppstad, Torjus: Taktekkjing med never og torv. Valle Laftebygg, Valle i Setesdal 1990.
Vreim, Halvor: Laftehus - tmring og torvtekking. Noregs Boklag, Oslo 1966, pp. 64-75.
References
^ Drange 1992:96
^ Hjelmeland 1993
^ Berg 1989:71
^ a b Uppstad 1990
^ a b Vreim 1966:64-65
^ Berg 1989:73
^ Vreim 1966:65-66
^ Vreim 1966:66
^ Nordhagen 1934:101-127
^ Melheim 1933
^ Vreim 1966:70-73
^ Gjone 1960:K 14
^ Vreim 1966:74
Categories: Roofs

Grizzly Vibrating Feeder
Specifications
Drive train
The Tipo F133F 6.0 L (5999 cc) V12 engine produces a maximum 620 PS (456 kW; 612 hp), making it the most powerful series production Ferrari road car. Its 608 Nm (448 ftlbf) of torque will also be a high for Ferrari's GT cars. Most of the modifications to the engine were done to allow it to fit in the Fiorano's engine bay (the original Enzo version could be taller as it would not block forward vision due to its mid-mounted position). The company claims a top speed in excess of 330 km/h (205 mph), 0100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.7 seconds, and 11.0 seconds to 200 km/h (124 mph).
Engine Installation
Typ , honda oem wheels .
Mak , raybestos brake pads .
Bore/Strok , brother printer parts .
Compression Ratio
Valve Gear
Power
Torque
Red Line
Power to Weight Ratio
Front Longitudinal
V12, 5999 cc, petrol
Aluminium Head and Block
92.0/75.2 mm
11.2:1
4 per cylinder
611 bhp (456 kW) @ 7600 rpm
448 lbft (607 Nm) @ 5600 rpm
8400 rpm
362 bhp (270 kW) per tonne
A traditional 6-speed manual transmission as well as Ferrari's 6-speed sequential manual gearbox called "F1 SuperFast" is offered. Reviewers of the car have mentioned that the MagneRide suspension gives the 599 a very comfortable ride but allows it to handle well at the same time.[citation needed]
The Fiorano also sees the debut of Ferrari's new traction control system, F1-Trac.
Acceleration
Acceleration claimed by Ferrari (mph / seconds)
030
040
050
060
070
080
090
0100
0110
0120
0130
0140
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0160
1.8
2.3
2.9
3.7
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5.4
6.3
7.4
8.8
10.2
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19.0
Fuel economy
City
Highway
Combined
11 mpg-US (21 L/100 km; 13 mpg-imp) United States Environmental Protection Agency
15 mpg-US (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg-imp) EPA
21.3 L/100 km (11.0 mpg-US; 13.3 mpg-imp)
Handling GT Evoluzione package
Ferrari 599 HGTE
It is an upgrade that improves the car's handling.
The package (also called HGTE or Handling GTE) includes a modified set-up with stiffer springs and rear anti-roll bar as well as new calibration settings for the magneto-rheological shock absorbers when the manettino is at its sportier settings. The ride height has also been lowered, which also lowers the car's centre of gravity. The package also includes optimised tyres featuring a compound that offers improved grip.
The car's electronics have also changed. The gearbox's shifts are faster in high-performance settings, while a new engine software improved accelerator response.
The exhaust silencer was modified to produce more marked and thrilling sound under hard usage whilst still delivering just the right comfort levels at cruising speed.
The exterior and interior were upgraded with more carbon fibre components.
It also includes new 20-inch wheels.
599XX
The 599XX is a car designed for track use, based on 599 GTB. Engine's maximum speed is increased to 9000rpm with engine rated 700 PS (690 hp/515 kW)@9000rpm. Weight is reduced by cutting the weight of the engine unit components, and use of composites and carbon-fibre body parts, carbon-fibre brake pads. A new gearbox shift strategy is introduced to cut overall gear change time to 60 ms. Aerodynamics were retuned to give more downforce (280 kg @ 200 km/h, 630 kg @ 300 km/h). The car also includes 29/67 R19 front and 31/71 R19 rear tires with 19 x 11J wheel rims at the front and 19 x 12J at the rear.
The car was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Auto Show.
Hybrid
Motor Authority reported that Ferrari president Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was working on the development of a Ferrari that will use alternative energy sources and which will be based on what Ferrari is doing in Formula 1, which uses Kinetic Energy Recycling System. The KERS was tested using a prototype 599.
Awards
Evo magazine named the 599 GTB as the Car of the Year for 2006.
Top Gear Magazine also named the 599 GTB as the Supercar of the Year 2006.
Notes
^ a b c "Technical specifications". ferrariworld.com. http://www.ferrariworld.com. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 
^ "2006 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano". Supercars.net. http://www.supercars.net/cars/3347.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-20. 
^ Ferrari 599GTB Fiorano official site FerrariWorld.Com Accessed February 28, 2006
^ a b "2007 FERRARI 599 GTB FIORANO". motortrend.com. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/exotic/112_0701_2007_ferrari_599_gtb_fiorano/specs.html. Retrieved on 2008-02-08. 
^ a b Joseph, Noah (2009-03-03). "Geneva 2009: Ferrari 599XX is our kind of menace to society". Autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2009/03/03/geneva-2009-ferrari-599xx-is-our-kind-of-menace-to-society/. Retrieved on 2009-04-18. 
^ "Ferrari confirms 599 hybrid prototype in testing". Motorauthority.com. http://www.motorauthority.com/ferrari-boss-confirms-hybrid-program.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-18. 
References
"Maranello Masterpiece". AutoWeek. http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060108/FREE/60108007/1024/LATESTNEWS. Retrieved on January 9, 2006. 
"Maranello's New True GT". AutoWeek. http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060117/FREE/301170001/1024/LATESTNEWS. Retrieved on January 17, 2006. 
Evo magazine issue 99 (Car of the Year 2006)
"Winner: Supercar". Top Gear. http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/08/1.html. 
"Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano on test". Evo. http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/205671/ferrari_599_gtb.html. 
"First Test: 2007 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano". Motor Trend. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/exotic/112_0701_2007_ferrari_599_gtb_fiorano/specs.html. 
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ferrari 599 GTB
The Ferrari website
Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano on Edmunds.com
Review & Pictures from Road & Track
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Categories: Ferrari vehicles | Grand tourers | 2000s automobiles | Rear wheel drive vehicles | Vehicles introduced in 2006Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

Chris-Craft CHRIS CRAFT 251 boat
Special features
The Mach Five's steering wheel hub.
The car has seven mechanisms triggered by buttons labeled from A to G on the steering wheel hub. Their functions (and names, taken from the Japanese production) are:
Button A, Auto Jack (, to Jakki?, Auto Jack): Releases four jacks to boost the car up so that it can be repaired . Although designed for this function, the auto jacks are more often used to jump the car short distances, as a wedge to keep the car from toppling over a waterfall, or as an alternative braking system. The spring-like sound the jacks make is distinctive to the show.
Button B, Belt Tires (, Beruto Taiya?, Belt Tire): Sprouts special grip tires for traction over any kind of terrain (firm, icy, or unsteady ground; ocean floor; vertical mountainsides). At the same time, 5,000 horsepower (3,700 kW) is distributed evenly to all four wheels.(1,250hp/932.13kW , rear independent suspension .
Button C, Cutter Blades (, Katt?, Cutter): Powerful rotary saws protrude from the front of the Mach Five to remove obstacles in its way such as trees. Mostly used for racing in forest areas(especially when Speed gets forced off the road , plastic motorcycle parts .
Button D, Deflector (, Difens?, Defensor): Releases a powerful deflector which seals the cockpit in a bullet-proof and crash-proof, and either an air-tight or water-tight chamber depending on the environment around the car. Inside it, the car driver is completely invulnerable , led vehicle light .
Button E, Evening or Illuminating Eye or Special Illumination (, Ibuningu Ai?, Evening Eye): The control for special illumination which can be traversed singly or in tandem, and which enables to see much farther and more clearly than with ordinary headlights. When used with the ight shades attached to Speed helmet, his vision is enhanced with infrared light. Button E was later modified to activate mini-wings (Pops got the idea from the Car Acrobatic Team) that would slide out from under the car to assist Speed in long jumps.
Button F, Frogger Mode (, Furogg?, Frogger): Used when the Mach Five is under water. First, the cockpit is supplied with oxygen. Then, a periscope is raised to scan the surface of the water. Everything that is seen is relayed down to the driver's seat by television. The 100 pound (45 kg) auxiliary supply of oxygen is enough to last for thirty minutes. This is despite the fact that enough diatomic oxygen gas to weigh 100 poundshat is to say, 1417 molesould occupy over thirty thousand liters at standard temperature and pressure and thereby support many people for many hours. However, unless the Mach 5 was equipped with an electric drive mechanism, which is never mentioned, the Mach 5's engine (rated at 5,000 HP) could consume this supply in a few minutes, assuming it had the ability to operate on a pure O2 supply.
Button G, Go Homing Robot (, Gizumo-g?, Gizmo): Releases a homing robot bird from the front of the car. The homing robot bird can fly and can carry pictures or tape recorded messages, handwritten messages, X-ray film, rope, and small Egyptian statues, and it has been used as a last resort as a makeshift weapon for means of defense. The bird-like device is operated by a built-in remote control within the cockpit.
Button H, Homing Device (, Hmingu?, Homing): This button is, unlike the other buttons, not located on the steering wheel; instead is located on a console between the seats. Button H is part of the Go Homing Robot's controls, and it simply sends the robot "home to a pre-programmed location, usually Speed's house.
The Mach Five also has a small trunk, which is unusual in a race car but was featured in many episodes, often as a hiding place for main characters Spritle (Kurio Mifune) and Chim-Chim (Senpei).
While the original manga features many of the above functions seen in the anime, and while there are buttons on the steering wheel, it does not "codify" the functions in any way, making the letter designations exclusive to the anime.
Speed Racer X
In Speed Racer X (not to be confused with the 1993 Fred Wolf remake), the buttons had name changes, and sometimes function changes:
Button A, Aero Jack (, Aerojakki?): Similar to the Auto-Jacks, but uses compressed air and rocket thrusters to propel the car into the air, rather than actual metal jacks (making "Aero Jack" a bit of a misnomer).  Unlike the original series, this can only be used to make the car jump. This function actually appears in the original manga replacing the original Auto Jacks.
Button B, Balloon Tire (, Barn Taiya?): Inflates the tires like balloons, giving them better traction (similar to monster truck tires), as well as allowing the Mach 5 to float on water.
Button C, Cutter Blade (, Katt Burdo?): Instead of saws, this button activates laser "blades" to cut through obstacles.
Button D, Defense Shield (, Difensu Shrudo?): Closes the cockpit in a bulletproof protective dome, like the original series.
Button E, Emergency Wire (, Emjensh Waiy?): Completely different from the original series, this shoots out a rope and grappling hook to snag objects, either to keep the Mach 5 from falling into dangerous situations, or to hoist itself out of them.
Button F, Fish Diver (, Fisshu Daib?): Functionally identical to Frogger Mode, but causes a M.A.S.K.-like physical transformation in the car, the wheels folding in and maneuverability fins sprouting.
Button G, The Gallant (, Gyaranto-g?): Again, identical to the Gizmo Rocket, but with a new name..
The New Adventures of Speed Racer
The steering wheel of the Mach Five in this series had eight unmarked rectangular buttons, arranged in two columns of four on either side of the steering wheel's center. The car appeared to have the same functions as the Mach Five in the original series, but the buttons Speed pressed to activate them seemed more or less random, with the same button activating different abilities (or different buttons activating the same ability) in different episodes.
The "Real" Mach Five
In 2000, a prototype Mach Five with actual cutting blades was produced as a concept car. 100 production models were planned to be made in 2002 as a street legal vehicle. Built on a 2001 Corvette Chassis, the body was to be extensively modified to look like the Mach Five. It was to have 345 horsepower, and cost between $75,000 and $125,000 each.
Portrayal in film
Main article: Speed Racer (film)
The Mach Five appears in the live-action film adaptation Speed Racer, directed by the Wachowski brothers, produced by Joel Silver, and released by Warner Bros. Pictures. The Mach Five is an actual vehicle and used in the major race of the film. Instead of being driven on pavement, it was hung from a crane and had its effects computer-generated.
Along with the Mach Five, the movie features the "Mach 4" and the "Mach 6", two different single-seater cars created specifically for stunt races. The designs of the Mach 4 and Mach 6 are vaguely reminiscent of the Mach Five's (as in the original American comics), although the only functions the Mach 6 features are the jump jacks, which are standard equipment in race cars in the movie. Little about the Mach 4 is known, as it appears only briefly in the film and is portrayed as a red-colored companion to the 6.
In the film, the Mach Five is Speed's alternate car for off-track races such as the Casa Cristo 5000, as well as everyday driving like a normal car. The Mach Five originally belonged to Speed's older brother Rex, who relinquished ownership of it to Speed before he left the Racer home. Speed's main car for races on the WRL track (Thunderhead, etc.) is the Mach 6. The Mach 6 was destroyed in a fixed race, but was later rebuilt for the film's final race.
The steering wheel hub is still present on this version of the Mach Five. Although most of the original functions of the car are still intact, some are activated by different buttons. The underwater functions are abandoned completely and replaced with new functions exclusive to racing combat. Instead of being built with these features from the beginning, the special functions were added to the Mach Five in order to enter it in the Casa Cristo 5000. The features that are still kept in this incarnation are:
Auto Jacks
Grip Tires (Not as belt tires but as crampon tire spikes.)
Deflector
Rotary Saws
Homing Robot
The functions abandoned in this version of the Mach Five are:
Frogger Mode
Evening Eye
The functions on this Mach Five are: (*)New functions are represented with Bold Italics.
Control A = Jump Jacks (Originally called the Auto Jacks)
When pressed, the car releases and immediately retracts long automated car jacks that make the car jump over any hazardous obstacle. The car no longer releases these jacks to boost it for any repairs and adjustments. It is considered a standard racing gadget in the film. The jacks can be activated in pairs to perform various kinds of flips, and at specific intensities to control jump height.
Control B = Bullet-proof polymer deflector (D in the original, B activated the Grip Tires in the original) When pressed, the car sprouts a bullet- and impact-proof shield that encloses the cockpit.
Control C = Tire Shields (C activated the rotary saws in the original, replaced Frogger Mode)
When pressed, the car sprouts shields from its tires to prevent tire damage from secret weapons of other racing competitors. Speed can control the motion of the shields by remote control inside the cockpit.
Control D = Hexodyne emergency spare...

Toshiba Tecra M2 Laptop
Overview
In 1925, following a Defence Committee initiative undertaken the previous year, the formation of an RAF command concerning the Air Defence of Great Britain led to the provision of a Raid Reporting System, itself delegated to a sub-committee consisting of representatives from the Air Ministry, Home Office and the General Post Office. This Raid Reporting System was to provide for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain, and was eventually to become known as the Observer Corps. The Observer Corps was subsequently awarded the title Royal by His Majesty King George VI in April 1941, in recognition of service carried out by Observer Corps personnel during the Battle of Britain.
Throughout the remainder of World War II, the ROC continued to complement and at times replace the Chain Home defensive radar system by undertaking an inland aircraft tracking and reporting function, while Chain Home provided a predominantly coastal, long-range tracking and reporting system. With the advent of the Cold War, the ROC continued in its primary role of aircraft recognition and reporting, and in 1955 was allocated the additional task of detecting and reporting nuclear explosions and associated fall-out. By 1965, thanks to advances in (radar) technology, most roles and responsibilities relating to aircraft had been withdrawn and the ROC assumed the role of fieldforce for the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation, (UKWMO); a role which the ROC continued until the early 1990s and the cessation of the Cold War.
By the late 1980s the ROC comprised 69 professional full-time officers, approximately 10,500 civilian spare-time volunteers, and over 100 Ministry of Defence (MoD) civilian support staff. At HQROC, (RAF Bentley Priory), over a dozen full-time secretarial, clerical and other administrative staff were present. Each of the five Area HQs were staffed by a clerical officer and a typist, and each of the 25 Group HQs were staffed by a clerical officer, typist and handyperson. (Many MoD civilian support staff were also civilian spare-time volunteers).
Following the UK Government's Options for Change defence spending review in 1990, the vast majority of the civilian spare-time volunteers were stood down on 30 September 1991, with the remainder being stood down on 31 December 1995. The closure of HQROC on 31 March 1996 and redeployment of those few remaining HQROC staff marked the disbandment of the ROC after over 70 years of service , duracell 9v battery .
World War , d size batteries .
The ROC can trace its roots to World War I and the requirement for a warning system to bolster UK defences against bombing raids by Zeppelin airships. A system of observation posts and observers was organised, with a network of approximately 200 posts established in strategic areas. Initially these posts were manned by Army personnel, who were in turn replaced by Special (Police) Constables, and posts were coordinated on an area basis with telephone communications provided between themselves and their associated anti-aircraft defences , replacement rechargeable battery .
The Gotha G.V. A heavy bomber of the Luftstreitkrfte.
Throughout 1917 Germany began to deploy increasing numbers of fixed-wing bombers, with the result that the number of airship raids decreased rapidly in favour of raids by such aircraft. In response to this new threat, Major General Edward Bailey Ashmore, a Royal Flying Corps pilot who later commanded an artillery division in Belgium, was appointed to devise an improved system of detection, communication and control. The system, called the Metropolitan Observation Service, encompassed the London Air Defence Area and later would extended eastwards towards the Kentish and Essex coasts. The Metropolitan Observation Service met with some success and although not fully operational until the late summer of 1918, (the last German bombing raid taking place on 19 May 1918), the lessons learned were to prove invaluable for future developments in this field. Major General Ashmore is often considered to have been the founder of what would eventually become the Royal Observer Corps.
Air Raids
    Aeroplanes    
    Airships    
    Deaths    
   1914   
3
0
0
1915
4
42
186
1916
28
126
302
1917
341
30
650
1918
59
10
178
Total
435
208
1316
Between the wars
Air Cdre E A D Masterman CB CMG CBE AFC RAF (Rtd), first Commandant of the Observer Corps. (Pictured wearing Observer Corps tie and lapel badge)
Following the Armistice in 1918, it had been intended that the knowledge, experience and skills gained by the Metropolitan Observation Service during World War I would be maintained for the future security of the nation. However, by the end of 1920, the observation post networks and their associated anti-aircraft hardware had been decommissioned, and in 1922 the responsibility for air defence was transferred from the War Office, (responsible for the Army), to the Air Ministry.
Following this transfer of responsibility, Major General Ashmore, who had been responsible for air defence during World War I, reported to a new Air Raid Precautions (ARP) committee, established in January 1924. In areas surrounding Romney Marsh and the Weald a series of trials were undertaken to develop a Raid Reporting System which would employ an optimum arrangement of observation posts and associated control centres. During 1925 these trials were further extended to cover parts of Essex and Hampshire, and by October a proven modus operandi had been developed for a new organisation to be known as the Observer Corps, which was established on 29 October 1925.
Within a year four Groups operated in South East England, covering much of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and Essex, with the intention that the whole of Great Britain would be covered by a total of 18 groups. Cooperation and participation was thus required between the RAF, the Army, the British police forces and the General Post Office (GPO). (The GPO being responsible at that time for the national telecommunications system). In January 1926 observers were recruited as Special Constables by county Police Constabularies, and each observation post was manned by a Sergeant and six Special Constables. Recruits were spare-time volunteers who received neither pay, uniform, nor allowancess, with the only distinguishing insignia, in the form of Observer Corps lapel badges, being purchased by individual volunteers at their own expense.
In 1929 the control of the Observer Corps passed from the county Police forces to the Air Ministry, although Chief Constables retained responsibility for personnel and recruitment matters. On 1 March 1929 the new Headquarters of the Observer Corps was established at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge, and Air Commodore Edward A D Masterman CB CMG CBE AFC RAF (Rtd) was appointed as the first Commandant of the Observer Corps. Air Cdre Masterman held this appointment until his retirement on 1 March 1936, and was succeeded by Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris CG CMG OBE AFC RAF (Rtd), who was destined to lead the Observer Corps through the critical period during World War II which saw the RAF emerge bruised but victorious following the Battle of Britain.
During the 1930s the number of groups increased until by 1936, England had a full coverage of observation posts south east of a line between Flamborough Head and Poole Harbour. (In 1936 the Headquarters of the Observer Corps relocated from RAF Uxbridge to RAF Bentley Priory). By 1939, practically the whole of Great Britain was covered with observation posts, with the western parts of Wales and Scotland together with England's West Country being included during 1940. The final group, Portree in the Western Isles, was formed in 1941.
World War II
Preparation
The signatories to the Munich Agreement.
At the end of September 1938 the political crisis which culminated in the Munich Agreement had led to the Observer Corps being mobilised for a period of one week. This single act proved to be invaluable as it highlighted a number of organisational and technical shortcomings, and provided the impetus for the development of solutions to resolve these. A series of exercises held throughout 1939 provided opportunities for the fine tuning of improvements made to command and control functions. Operational procedures would continue to evolve throughout the war, a process facilitated by the enthusiasm, dedication and professionalism which volunteer members, coming from every walk of life, brought with them to the Observer Corps.
At this time the only uniform items issued to Observer Corps personnel were steel helmets bearing the stenciled letters 'O C', together with armbands bearing the same. Both items of equipment were similar in style to those issued to members of the civil defence emergency services, including the Auxiliary Fire Service ('AFS') and Air Raid Precautions ('ARP'). With their status having previously been that of Special Constable, it was ironic that the initial batch of helmets issued to Observer Corps members were the same as those issued to Police forces; black in colour with the word 'POLICE' stencilled in white. (This led some Observer Corps members to simply scratch off the stencilled letters P, L, I, and E, to leave letters O and C remaining). High quality Royal Navy-issue binoculars were...

Plush Toy Teddy Bear ngerbobs
Genre
Live-action/puppet TV series
Created by
Joanne Cole
Michael Cole
Presented by
Rick Jones
Theme music composer
Michael Jessett
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
1 , soft plush toy .
Productio , toys farm animals .
Producer(s , mini plush .
Q3 London
Running time
15 minutes
Broadcast
Original channel
BBC1
Picture format
4:3
Audio format
Monaural sound
Original run
14 February 1972 15 May 1972
Chronology
Related shows
Fingermouse
Fingerbobs was a British children's television programme made by the BBC in 1972. The first episode was broadcast on 14 February 1972 on BBC1 as part of Watch with Mother. The show was created by Joanne and Michael Cole, who also created Bod. Only thirteen episodes were ever made.
Presented by mime artist "Yoffy" (played by Canadian actor Rick Jones), each ten-minute episode told a story centred around a paper finger puppet animal, and usually involved collecting various items (such as pebbles or feathers) to make up another object at the end. The finger puppets, each of whom had their own song, included:
Fingermouse - a mouse, consisting of a grey paper cone head with paper ears and whiskers with a grey glove for the body ("Fingermouse, Fingermouse/I am a sort of wondermouse"). Fingermouse later got his own show, with a new puppeteer, called "The Music Man". The Music Man would tell stories involving Fingermouse, using musical instruments.
Gulliver - a seagull made from a white ping-pong ball (head) placed over a thumb and white gloves forming the body with outstretched fingers as the wings. ("I spread my wings.")
Scampi - several scampi were made using purple gloves with red heads on each finger
Flash - a tortoise, with a paper shell. ("Slowly, steadily, I move at my own pace/They call me Flash though I won't dash")
Fingermouse gained his own series in 1985. In this series, the focus was more on musical instruments. One series was made of thirteen programmes.
The memorable theme tune went "Yoffy lifts a finger, and a mouse is there/Puts his hands together, and a seagull takes the air/Yoffy lifts a finger, and a scampi darts about/Yoffy bends another, and a tortoise head peeps out/These hands were made for making, and making they must do."
At the end of the series Jones was so sick of making the show that he destroyed the finger puppets while the camera was still rolling.[citation needed]
Fingerbobs was referenced in the video of 'A Town Called Hypocrisy" by Lostprophets
External links
Fingerbobs
Fingerbobs at the Internet Movie Database
 
Categories: BBC children's television programmes | Television programs featuring puppetry | BBC television programme stubsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008

[superdeals]abstracts Oil Paintings
History
Main article: History of clothing and textiles
Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection.
The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods.
Incas have been crafting quipus (or khipus) made of fibres either from a protein, such as spun and plied thread like wool or hair from camelids such as alpacas, llamas and camels or from a cellulose like cotton for thousands of years. Khipus are a series of knots along pieces of string. They have been believed to only have acted as a form of accounting, although new evidence conducted by Harvard professor, Gary Urton, indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers. Preservation of khipus found in museum and archive collections follow general textile preservation principles and practice , wholesale cotton .
Use , canvas drop cloth .
Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and containers such as bags and baskets. In the household, they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, covering for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art. In the workplace, they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, cleaning devices such as handkerchiefs and rags, transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; and strengthening in composite materials such as fibreglass and industrial geotextiles. Children can learn using textiles to make collages, sew, quilt, and make toys , cotton polyester fabric .
Textiles used for industrial purposes, and chosen for characteristics other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and bullet proof vests. In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met. Woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of "self-powering nanosystems" using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements.
Fashion and textile designs
Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others. Marisol Deluna, Nicole Miller, Lilly Pulitzer, the late Gianni Versace and Emilio Pucci can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs.
Sources and types
Traditional Romanian fabric
Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from four main sources: animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum.
Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. The relative thickness of fibres in cloth is measured in deniers. Microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier.
Animal textiles
Animal textiles are commonly made from hair or fur.
Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with an oil known as lanolin, which is waterproof and dirtproof. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn which is spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness.
Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicua wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit.
Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500CE.
Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm. This is spun into a smooth, shiny fabric prized for its sleek texture.
Plant textiles
Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and sacking.
Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok.
Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper.
Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, modal and even bamboo fibre are all used in clothing. Pia (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fibres such as cotton.
Acetate is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas.
Seaweed is used in the production of textiles. A water-soluble fibre known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fibre; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area
Lyocell is a man-made fabric derived from wood pulp. It is often described as a man-made silk equivalent and is a tough fabric which is often blended with other fabrics - cotton for example.
Mineral textiles
Asbestos and basalt fibre are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, "transite" panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.
Glass Fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres.
Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewelry. Hardware cloth is a coarse weave of steel wire, used in construction.
Synthetic textiles
A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton.
All synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing.
Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton.
Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armor.
Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them.
Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing.
Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane fibre that stretches easily and can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits.
Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek.
Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration.
Lurex is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment.
Production methods
Main article: textile manufacturing
Brilliantly dyed traditional woven textiles of Guatemala, and woman weaving on a backstrap loom.
Weaving is a textile production method which involves interlacing a set of longer threads (called the warp) with a set of crossing threads (called the weft). This is done on a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, but the vast majority is mechanised.
Knitting and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a knitting needle or on a crochet hook, together in a line. The two processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop, while crocheting never has more than one active loop on the needle.
Braiding or plaiting involves twisting threads together into cloth. Knotting involves tying threads together and is used in making macrame.
Lace is made by interlocking threads together independently, using a backing and any of the methods described above, to create a fine fabric with open holes in the work. Lace can be made by either hand or machine.
Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer known as a nap or pile.
Felting involves pressing a mat of fibres together, and working them together until they become tangled. A liquid, such as soapy water, is usually added to lubricate the fibres, and to open up the microscopic scales on strands of wool.
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